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A Frodl Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany

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N Geisteuer Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Asklepios Hospital Harburg, Hamburg, Germany

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A Fuchs Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany

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T Nymark Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Odense, Odense C, Denmark

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H Schmal Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Odense, Odense C, Denmark

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combination of impaired blood supply and hyperglycemic states further increases the risk of surgical-site infections ( 3 , 4 ). In such cases, as reported by Willy et al. , closed-incisional negative pressure wound therapy (iNPWT) has shown clinical

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Önder İ. Kılıçoğlu Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İstanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey

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Mehmet Demirel Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İstanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey

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Şamil Aktaş Department of Underwater and Hyperbaric Medicine, İstanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey

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modern alternative methods, sharp debridement using scalpel and scissors is still regarded as the benchmark care for DFUs and plays a vital role in wound control by effectively removing relevant biofilm. 35 Recently, larval therapy is used for

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Vinzenz Auersperg Department of Orthopaedics, Klinikum Steyr-Kirchdorf, Steyr, Austria

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Klemens Trieb Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
Computed Tomography Research Group, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria

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Introduction and history Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a non-invasive form of treatment, that has been developed from ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy). The development of EWST, the physical theoretical basic knowledge

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Andreas Frodl Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany

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Benjamin Erdle Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany

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Hagen Schmal Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
University Hospital Odense, Dep. Of Orthopedic Surgery, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark

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. Fig. 2 Risk of bias assessment via ROBINS-I. Postoperative infection and rate of nonunions Complications, in particular postoperative wound infections, were assessed in four studies containing a total of 570 patients. As we found low

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Andreas F. Mavrogenis First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Panayiotis D. Megaloikonomos First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Thekla Antoniadou First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Vasilios G. Igoumenou First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Georgios N. Panagopoulos First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Leonidas Dimopoulos First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Konstantinos G. Moulakakis Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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George S. Sfyroeras Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Andreas Lazaris Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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autolytic enzyme that liquefies necrotic tissue, stimulates the healing process and destroys bacterial biofilms. It is indicated for open wounds and ulcers that contain gangrenous or necrotic tissues with or without infection. 56 Larval therapy has been

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Richard Peter Almeida Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Lipalo Mokete Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Nkhodiseni Sikhauli Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Allan Roy Sekeitto Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Jurek Pietrzak Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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with bed rest combined with braces and cessation of physical therapy, appropriate wound care, pressure bandages and cessation of pharmacological VTE prophylaxis. 3 , 11 Limiting motion at the surgical site, including provisionally halting physical

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Abdel Rahim Elniel Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, UK

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Peter V. Giannoudis Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, University of Leeds, UK; NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, UK

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. The patient underwent, nine months previously, exchange nailing to attempt further stimulation of the healing response. Negative pressure wound therapy has been described as a feasible adjunct in managing Gustilo III-B tibial fractures. 40

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Low-dose dexamethasone during arthroplasty

What do we know about the risks?

Jessica T. Wegener Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Tim Kraal Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center and the Orthopedic Research Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Markus F. Stevens Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Markus W. Hollmann Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Gino M.M.J. Kerkhoffs Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center and the Orthopedic Research Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Daniël Haverkamp Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Slotervaart Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty. In addition, we identified the present literature on the theoretical increased risk of infection and wound healing disturbances following the use of glucocorticosteroids (dexamethasone). In this search, we

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Te-Feng Arthur Chou Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Hsuan-Hsiao Ma Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Shang-Wen Tsai Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Cheng-Fong Chen Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Po-Kuei Wu Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Wei-Ming Chen Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

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TKA. We recorded the first author, year of publication, study design, type of renal replacement therapy (dialysis or KT), type of arthroplasty (TKA or THA), case number, age and follow-up duration as shown in Table 1 . Patients who received either

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Dimitrios A. Flevas First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Sophia Syngouna Department of Upper Extremity Surgery and Microsurgery, KAT Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Emmanouel Fandridis Department of Upper Extremity Surgery and Microsurgery, KAT Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Sotirios Tsiodras Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Andreas F. Mavrogenis First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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multifaceted approach combining proper antimicrobial therapy, immobilization, oedema control, and adequate surgical therapy. 1 , 3 Because of the potential for serious morbidity and complications, a combination of aggressive operative and medical therapy

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