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muscles, redirecting muscle forces, mobilising stiff joints or stabilising joints with the aim of improving limb functional status. Spasticity patterns are often predictable and for the upper limb the most common presentation is adduction and internal
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-evoked potentials (SSEPs): SSEP loss on left lower limb, concomitant to transcranial electric motor-evoked potential (TceMEP) loss (see Fig. 2 .); blue line – baseline SSEP, purple line – SSEP during osteotomy; upper lines represent cortical, lower lines cervical
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Sport Traumatology and Biomechanics Unit Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Science, Poznań, Poland
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upper limb are much less often affected by the process of NA ( 3 ). The shoulder is the most frequent which accounts for only 5% of all Charcot joint locations ( 4 ). Syringomyelia (SM) is a rare and slowly progressive disease characterised by the
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Introduction Spinal stenosis is characterised by a reduction in the cross-sectional area of the spinal canal that leads to upper or lower motor neuron deficits and related neurological symptoms depending on the location of the compression
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-patella syndrome. Hence, it must be differentiated from neuromuscular dislocations which occur later in life owing to high lateral-pulling muscle forces, for example in spastic tetraparesis. Surgical reconstruction is challenging during growth but becomes even more
National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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, osteotomy of the front foot should be performed. If the back foot cannot be corrected, osteotomy of the calcaneus should be performed. Mark et al. ( 7 ) extended the affected limb of the child to correct the forefoot’s cavovarus and subtalar joint
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lower limb. Surgery is performed on a radiolucent table and fluoroscopy is used throughout the procedure. The procedure is illustrated in Fig. 2 . Fig. 2 Surgical technique for calcaneonavicular coalition excision: (a) Ollier’s incision, (b
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older, surgical correction by direct attack on the acetabulum is a more conservative and dependable method of treatment than so-called conservative methods’ ( 7 ). The upper age limit of acetabular remodeling is 4 years, and beyond this, the correction
Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, IBHGC-Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, HESAM Université, Paris, France
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plane, described by Jóźwiak et al . ( 51 ), was adopted by himself ( 38 ) and his colleague Musielak ( 53 , 54 ). In this technique, the axial plane was defined from the best-fitting plane over the upper plate of the first sacral vertebra. Thirty
