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%). When they assessed graft size influence in the re-rupture rate they did not find statistically significant differences between groups (non-rupture versus re-rupture) nor when they compared grafts > 8 mm or < 8 mm. They did not report how grafts were
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. 2 , 3 Acute rupture can be treated with direct repair using drill holes or suture anchors for avulsion of the tibial tubercle and end-to-end repair for midsubstance tears. 1 , 23 , 24 However, re-rupture rate is high in both cases and graft
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rehabilitation) have evolved considerably from non-surgical treatment to open reconstruction to minimally invasive techniques. The transition to surgical treatment was predominantly driven by lower re-rupture rates and better functional results but at the cost of
Ortoklinik & Cankaya Orthopedics, Ankara, Turkey
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Avcilar Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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inferior outcomes and may require more complex reconstructions ( 1 ). The postoperative recovery takes several months and requires extended rehabilitation programs. A recent systematic review of 48 studies has reported re-rupture rates of 0.3% for patellar
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during loading. 13 With respect to clinical results of primary repair, van Riet et al reported three re-ruptures after complete recovery from the first rupture in their 14 cases of transosseous triceps repair; two were revised by direct repair. 10
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interosseous nerve palsy (1.6%), re-rupture (1.4%), symptomatic heterotropic ossification (0.3%) and median nerve palsy (0.3%). Most common minor complications are lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve palsy (9.2%), heterotropic ossification (3.7%) ( Fig. 6
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-incision approach and 25.7% of the double-incision approach. The major complication rate was 4.6% and included a 1.6% rate of posterior interosseous nerve injury; 0.3% median nerve injury; 1.4% re-rupture and 0.1% ( n = 4), synostosis. Synostosis occurred only with
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structural and mechanical properties of allografts to varying extents, with inferior outcomes reported in irradiated and chemically processed allografts. 23 The overall risk of ACLR re-rupture with allografts has been reported in some studies to be 3
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was statistically significant); heterotopic ossification of 3.1% and 7%, respectively (p = 0.06); stiffness 1.8% and 5.7%, respectively (p = 0.01); re-rupture 1.8% and 1.2%, respectively (no p value provided); infection 1.2% and 0%, respectively (no p
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under anaesthesia (MUA) The intention of manipulation of the frozen shoulder under anaesthesia is to forcibly rupture the contracted capsule. MUA is often combined with intra-articular steroid injection to minimise the secondary inflammatory response
