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Julie J. Willeumier Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands

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Yvette M. van der Linden Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands

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Michiel A.J. van de Sande Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands

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P.D. Sander Dijkstra Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands

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to pain, pathological fractures, immobility, decreased functioning, and hypercalcaemia. Over half of patients experience clinical symptoms for which treatment is required, 3 of whom only a minority are surgically treated. 4 In the long bones

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Elisa Pala Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Alberto Procura Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Giulia Trovarelli Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Antonio Berizzi Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Pietro Ruggieri Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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excellent mechanical resistance and still represent an option when approaching a pathologic or impending fracture of long bones ( 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ). However, titanium nails show some limits, especially during the follow-up of patients. First, titanium

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Thomas Tampere Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Matthieu Ollivier Institute for Locomotion, Aix-Marseille University, St. Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France

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Christophe Jacquet Institute for Locomotion, Aix-Marseille University, St. Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France

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Maxime Fabre-Aubrespy Institute for Locomotion, Aix-Marseille University, St. Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France

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Sébastien Parratte Institute for Locomotion, Aix-Marseille University, St. Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, International Knee and Joint Centre, Abu Dhabi, UAE

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inadequate reduction of the articular step-off, secondary loss of reduction and material cut-out. 2 – 17 Thirdly, use of TKA might be indicated for pathological fractures of the distal femur and/or tibia in cases with poor bone stock or profound condylar

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Catalin Cirstoiu Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

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Bogdan Cretu Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

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Sergiu Iordache Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

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Mihnea Popa Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

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Bogdan Serban Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

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Adrian Cursaru Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

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patients, the incidence of bone metastases has increased. Because of the discomfort and possibility of pathological bone fractures, quality of life is significantly impaired by the presence of bone metastases. The most common primary malignancies that cause

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Miklós Szendrői Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, H-1082 Budapest, Üllői 78/b, Hungary

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Imre Antal Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, H-1082 Budapest, Üllői 78/b, Hungary

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Attila Szendrői Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, H-1082 Budapest, Üllői 78/b, Hungary

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Áron Lazáry National Center for Spinal Disorders, H-1126 Budapest, Királyhágó u.1., Hungary

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Péter Pál Varga National Center for Spinal Disorders, H-1126 Budapest, Királyhágó u.1., Hungary

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finding the primary tumour site, but should be the last procedure in the diagnostic work-up because it weakens the affected bone and can lead to a pathological fracture. Approximately 20% of patients with bone metastases are referred with an actual

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Andrea Angelini Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Nicolò Mosele Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Elisa Pagliarini Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Pietro Ruggieri Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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can arise spontaneously or be caused by pathologic fractures that can be either atraumatic or following minor trauma. If the disease affects long bones, it can result in bone deformity and limb shortening. If it affects the lower limbs, walking and

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Elisa Pala Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Giulia Trovarelli Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Andrea Angelini Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Maria Chiara Cerchiaro Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Pietro Ruggieri Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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until a pathologic fracture occurs. The treatment aims to prevent the pathologic fractures, restore the cortical thickness, and contain the recurrence. Multiple treatments have been proposed ranging from observation only to open curettage, and no

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Serkan Bayram Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Ahmet Salduz Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Ahmet Müçteba Yıldırım Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Korhan Özkan Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Levent Eralp Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Retired Professor of Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Harzem Özger Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Retired Professor of Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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), secondary osteoarthritis, tumor volume, distance from the joint cartilage, reoperation, follow-up time, Campanacci grade, and pathological fracture. Evaluation of the knee osteoarthritis stage was performed using the Kellgren and Lawrence classification

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Irina-Anca Eremia Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania

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Bogdan Serban Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Mihnea Popa Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Adela Iancu Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

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Silvia Nica Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania

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Catalin Cirstoiu Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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move the right hip. These symptoms occurred while trying to chase after public transportation. Upon initial radiographic examination of the pelvis, a pathological fracture was observed at the specific location of interest (A). Following further medical

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Charles Rivière MSK Lab, Imperial College London, UK; South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, UK

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Guido Grappiolo Unit of Hip Diseases and Joint Replacement Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Italy

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Charles A. Engh Jr Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute, USA

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Jean-Pierre Vidalain Artro Group, France

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Antonia-F. Chen Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, USA

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Nicolas Boehler Orthopaedic Department, Kepleruniklinikum Linz, Austria

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Jihad Matta Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Canada

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Pascal-André Vendittoli Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Canada

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This remodelling process is thought to be potentially detrimental for patients by favouring late loosening and late periprosthetic bone fracture, rendering revision surgery more complicated. 32 - 34 Nevertheless, there is, so far, no evidence that

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