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Vikki Wylde Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.

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Andrew Beswick Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.

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Julie Bruce Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK.

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Ashley Blom Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.
North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.

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Nicholas Howells North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.

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Rachael Gooberman-Hill Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.

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appropriate, targeted management in this early subacute phase, potentially halting progression into longer-term pain and disability. 15 Despite a good outcome for many, a considerable proportion of patients have chronic pain after TKA. In a systematic

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Cheuk Yin Li School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Kenneth Jordan Ng Cheong Chung School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Omar M. E. Ali School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Nicholas D. H. Chung School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Cheuk Heng Li School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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management pathway. Infection Pain is often associated with infections. The pain is thought to be secondary to inflammation and infection. The release of inflammatory cytokines during an infection contributes to the initiation and persistence of pain

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Fabio A. Rodriguez-Patarroyo Outcomes Research Department, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Ohio, USA

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Nadin Cuello Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Robert Molloy Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Viktor Krebs Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Alparslan Turan Outcomes Research Department, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Ohio, USA
Department of Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Nicolas S. Piuzzi Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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when compared to GA. 9 , 10 Regional analgesia (RA) have been used to optimize pain management during the postoperative phase of TKA. 11 Most RA techniques use local anesthetics (LA), in lower concentration than anesthesia methods, to reduce pain and

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Augusto Covaro ICATME, Institut Universitari Quirón-Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain

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Gemma Vilà-Canet ICATME, Institut Universitari Quirón-Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain

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Ana García de Frutos ICATME, Institut Universitari Quirón-Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain

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Maite T. Ubierna ICATME, Institut Universitari Quirón-Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain

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Francesco Ciccolo ICATME, Institut Universitari Quirón-Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain

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Enric Caceres Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain

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diagnostic outcomes. 19 Management Conservative treatment The objectives of non-surgical treatment are to alleviate pain and improve function. The initial treatment of LSS is non-surgical. The most effective non-surgical treatment is a

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Kashif Ansari Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Manjot Singh Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Jake R McDermott Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
SUNY Downstate Medical School, New York City, New York, USA

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Jerzy A Gregorczyk Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Mariah Balmaceno-Criss Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Mohammad Daher Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Christopher L McDonald Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Bassel G Diebo Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Alan H Daniels Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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on the extent of the curvature, with simple observation and bracing for mild cases and surgical management for severe cases ( 13 , 14 ). Despite optimal management, AIS can continue into adulthood and result in chronic pain, disability, and

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘La Paz’ University Hospital-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain

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with TKA, 1 – 5 and represents a significant cause of morbidity due to pain and restricted function. 6 Risk-reduction strategies and appropriate management options should be identified to deliver optimal care plans for this group. Although

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Nikolaos Gougoulias Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust. Frimley Park Hospital, UK

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Vasileios Lampridis Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust. Frimley Park Hospital, UK

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Anthony Sakellariou Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust. Frimley Park Hospital, UK

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third interdigital neuroma pain may be a ‘true neuroma’, whereas second interdigital nerve-related pain may have a different underlying cause and possibly requires a different management approach. This has not, however, been scientifically proven

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Eustathios Kenanidis Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland
Academic Orthopaedic Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
Centre of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (CORE) – Centre of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI) – Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece

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George Kyriakopoulos Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland
Gennimatas General Hospital, Cholargos, Athens, Greece

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Rajiv Kaila Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland

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Panayiotis Christofilopoulos Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland

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superior HHS and pain scores during the first 12 months. 55 Although SWT was considered beneficial for the management of GTPS, the information for the control group was unclear. Surgical treatment Surgical management is indicated for full

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Nick Evans University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK

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Michael McCarthy University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK

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some degree of stability to the motion segment and should be considered in the decision-making process regarding management of the spondylolisthesis and the stenotic and/or back pain symptoms. Classification systems Although the Wiltse and

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Felix Christoph Finger BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Steffen Schröter Diakonie Klinikum Jung-Stilling GmbH, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegen, Germany
Osteotomie Komitee der Deutschen Knie Gesellschaft (DKG), Munich, Germany

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Christoph Ihle BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Moritz Herbst BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Tina Histing BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Marc-Daniel Ahrend BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Osteotomie Komitee der Deutschen Knie Gesellschaft (DKG), Munich, Germany
AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland

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cartilage cell regeneration, but its generalizability is limited due to small sample sizes ( n  = 20 ( 15 ) and n = 12 ( 16 )). Pain management Postoperative pain reduction can be achieved by regional anesthesia. A randomized, placebo

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