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Yücel Ağırdil Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İzzet Baysal State Hospital, Bolu, Turkey

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Introduction The growth plate, also known as the physis, is the cartilaginous portion at the ends of long bones where longitudinal growth of the bone takes place. This region of bone is characterized by high metabolic activity and is under the

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J. Javier Masquijo Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Sanatorio Allende, Córdoba, Argentina

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Cristian Artigas Hospital Roberto del Rio, Santiago, Chile
Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile

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Julio de Pablos Advanced Bone Reconstruction Surgery, Hospital San Juan de Dios y Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain

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Introduction Growth modulation (GM) by tethering part of the growth plate is a well-established and widely accepted technique for the correction of angular deformities in children. Gradual correction by temporary hemiepiphysiodesis with

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Marc Saab CHU Lille, Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille, France
University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008 – Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France

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Cédric Zobrist University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 – UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France

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Nicolas Blanchemain University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008 – Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France

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Bernard Martel University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 – UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France

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Feng Chai University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008 – Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France

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length of 7 mm in a skeletally mature Sprague-Dawley rat. The defect was fixed with a plate and four screws. Using a two-stage strategy, the addition of a bioactive molecule to the PMMA spacer (antibiotics), or into the defect site (growth factors) could

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Ahmed Halloum Interdisciplinary Orthopaedics, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej, Aalborg, Denmark

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Søren Kold Interdisciplinary Orthopaedics, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej, Aalborg, Denmark

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Jan Duedal Rölfing Department of Orthopaedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus, Denmark

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Ahmed A Abood Interdisciplinary Orthopaedics, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Orthopaedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus, Denmark

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Ole Rahbek Interdisciplinary Orthopaedics, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej, Aalborg, Denmark

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the physis (growth plate). Since then, it has evolved into a well-established treatment concept for correcting angular deformities of the lower limb in children ( 1 ). The concept is that by inhibiting a part of the growth plate, that part will grow

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Julia Sußiek Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany

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Philipp A. Michel Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany

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Michael J. Raschke Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany

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Benedikt Schliemann Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany

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J. Christoph Katthagen Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany

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injection, ultrasound bone growth stimulation Case 2: Subacromial corticosteroid injections. 10 months after onset of pain: circumduction exercises and ultrasound bone growth stimulation NF Initial presentation after fracture Case 1: Active FF 100

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Mariam S Alharbi Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia

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, this does not adequately explain it, but abnormalities of the growth plate include decreased matrix deposition with impaired osteoblast function, hypertrophic chondrocytes, disordered growth plate cellular structure, and glycosaminoglycans accumulation

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland

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Cecilia Téllez Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Víctor Villablanca Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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complication is growth disturbances secondary to growth-plate injury ( 2 ). Most bone growth arises from the physis of the distal femur; thus, achieving a complete understanding of the anatomy, the mechanism of the injuries, and the most appropriate

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Elena Gálvez-Sirvent Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘Infanta Elena’ University Hospital, Valdemoro, Madrid, Spain

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Aitor Ibarzábal-Gil Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘La Paz’ University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘La Paz’ University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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four external fixators, two expandable nails, 16 plates and six conservative treatments with plaster of Paris. All had undergone a change to a reamed IM nail, with a 2-cm fibular osteotomy resection and with application of autograft obtained from

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J Tomás Rojas Shoulder, Elbow and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Orthopädie Sonnenhof, Bern, Switzerland
Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Hospital San José – Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile

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Mustafa S Rashid Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Wrightington Hospital, Wigan, United Kingdom

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Matthias A Zumstein Shoulder, Elbow and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Orthopädie Sonnenhof, Bern, Switzerland
Shoulder, Elbow Unit, Sportsclinicnumber1, Bern, Switzerland
Shoulder, Elbow and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
Campus Stiftung Lindenhof Bern, Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland

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nerve irritation due to plate proximity, especially during minimally invasive techniques ( 18 ), and aggravation of previously asymptomatic acromioclavicular joint arthrosis. Diagnosis First, a detailed clinical history, and then a clinical

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Emmanuele Santolini Academic Unit of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University of Genoa, Italy
Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, LGI, University of Leeds, UK

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Nikolaos K. Kanakaris Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, LGI, University of Leeds, UK

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Peter V. Giannoudis Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, LGI, University of Leeds, UK
NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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2011 and the incidence of osteoporotic fractures is also increasing because of the aging of the population, with the prospect of continuing to further increase in the coming years. 1 , 2 , 5 However, the reported growth must also be attributed to

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