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respective syndesmotic ligament. For the IOM, at least the distal 5 cm must have been ruptured completely. Intervention External rotation stress test under fluoroscopy conducted in a defined state of syndesmotic instability as outlined above. Any
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, anterior–inferior tibiofibular ligament; ERST, external rotation stress test; IOL, interosseous ligament; neg., negative; PiTFL, posterior–inferior tibiofibular ligament; pos., positive; RX, x-ray. Indication for surgery and stabilization The
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(Smith & Nephew, Memphis, TN, USA) TKA. They had two test conditions: the standard 3° external rotation, and ± 5° from this. They emphasized that the kinematics of both compartments were different from normal. In the tibiofemoral joint the screw
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Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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test characteristics and diagnostic accuracy of three physical examination manoeuvres in the detection of hip microinstability, including the abduction–hyperextension–external rotation (AB-HEER) test, the prone instability test and the hyperextension–external
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Casa di Cura Villa Betania, Rome, Italy
Marrelli Hospital, Crotone, Italy
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suspected ACL injuries and to assess the amount of rotational stability, an anteromedial drawer test can be performed with the knee in 80–90° of flexion and the foot externally rotated 10–15°, applying a coupled anterior and external rotatory force to the
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile
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Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile
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Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal
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observed in the varus stress test at 30° of knee flexion along with an increase in tibial external rotation. Type C injuries involve the entire PLC and probable associated injuries (central pivot injuries). Marked varus instability is seen in type C
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rotation type ankle fractures? J Orthop Trauma 2007 ; 21 : 244 – 247 . 11. Egol KA Amirtharajah M Tejwani NC Capla EL Koval KJ . Ankle stress test for predicting the need for surgical fixation of
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. One study where the anatomical approach was used to fix supination external rotation type IV ankle fractures demonstrated a significant decrease in syndesmosis malreduction rate from 33.3% to 7.4% compared with trans-syndesmotic fixation. 22
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elbow flexion; 36 and resisted supination-external rotation. 37 However, none of these tests has been found to be highly accurate for diagnosis of SLAP tears ( Table 1 ). Recently, Sodha et al 19 evaluated the clinical utility of the
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thorax) during arm elevation is upward rotation, posterior tilting, and external rotation. 5 The coordination of shoulder joints depends on the pattern of muscular activation. The scapula must be dynamically stabilized in a retracted position during
