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  • distal femur and proximal tibia x
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Joaquim Soares do Brito Orthopedics Department, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal

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André Spranger Orthopedics Department, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal

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Paulo Almeida Orthopedics Department, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal

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José Portela Orthopedics Department, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal

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Irene Barrientos-Ruiz Orthopedics Department, University Hospital of La Paz, Madrid

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the knee, namely those arising in the two most common anatomical sites: distal femur and proximal tibia. To develop a systematic review, two electronic databases were used: Medline/PubMed and Scopus databases, using a search from 2000 to September

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Christos Garnavos Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, ‘Evangelismos’ General Hospital, Athens, Greece

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been adopted and used by surgeons mainly for the management of fractures involving the proximal and distal metaphyseal areas of the tibia that could not be satisfactorily reduced by traction. The success of the reported outcomes contributed to the

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Josep Muñoz Vives Hospital Nostra Senyora de Meritxell, Andorra, Spain

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Jean-Christophe Bel Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Arantxa Capel Agundez Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain

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Francisco Chana Rodríguez Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain

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José Palomo Traver Hospital General de Castelló, Castelló de la Plana, Spain

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Morten Schultz-Larsen Odense Universitetshospita, Odense, Denmark

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Theodoros Tosounidis Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK

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plating of intra-articular fractures of the femur and tibia, there are some special situations in which plating is beneficial. Ng et al 27 described a floating knee injury with simultaneous epiphyseal injuries of the distal femur and proximal tibia

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Nuno Marques Luís Knee and Ankle Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Trauma Unit; Orthopedic Center, Hospital Cuf Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal

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Ricardo Varatojo Knee and Ankle Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Trauma Unit; Orthopedic Center, Hospital Cuf Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal

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line. The third letter designates whether the calculated angle is in proximal P or distal D joint. The fourth letter indicates if the angle has been measured for the tibia T or the femur F . Since the mechanical and anatomical

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Maria A. Smolle Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Austria

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Dimosthenis Andreou Department of General Orthopaedics and Tumour Orthopaedics, University Hospital Muenster, Germany

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Per-Ulf Tunn Tumour Orthopaedics, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Germany

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Andreas Leithner Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Austria

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endoprostheses around the distal femur and proximal tibia ( Table 3 ). The largest study identified was that of Pala et al, including 687 distal femoral modular tumour endoprostheses implanted between 1983 and 2010. 18 Of these, the majority were fixed hinge

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland

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Cecilia Téllez Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Víctor Villablanca Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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complication is growth disturbances secondary to growth-plate injury ( 2 ). Most bone growth arises from the physis of the distal femur; thus, achieving a complete understanding of the anatomy, the mechanism of the injuries, and the most appropriate

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Jan Victor Ghent University, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ghent, Belgium

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resistance to distraction on the lateral side, potentially adding a serious bias. Measured resection Distal cartilage and bone wear In the measured resection technique, the surface of proximal tibia and distal femur are important references. At

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Karl Stoffel Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Christoph Sommer Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital Graubuenden, Chur, Switzerland

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Mark Lee Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA

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Tracy Y Zhu AO Innovation Translation Center, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland

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Karsten Schwieger AO Innovation Translation Center, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland

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Christopher Finkemeier Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, California, USA

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proximal tibia and distal femur, such a plating technique could also be enough at the distal femur; however, this remains a postulation and requires further studies. Nail-and-plate construct Rationale and biomechanical studies An alternative

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Ignacio Rodriguez Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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María Jesús Tuca Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad, Santiago, Chile

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last to merge with the metaphysis. Fig. 1 Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray views of the knee of a 12-day-old female showing the epiphyseal secondary ossification centre of the distal femur and proximal tibia. Fig. 2 Anteroposterior

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Carlos A. Encinas-Ullán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘La Paz’ University Hospital-IdiPaz, Spain

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘La Paz’ University Hospital-IdiPaz, Spain

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for MCL reconstruction. They performed two incisions over the anatomic insertions on the femur and on the tibia. The MCL graft was fixed with an interferential screw in the femur and distal tibia insertions, and the proximal tibial was fixed with an

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