Search for other papers by Vinzenz Auersperg in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Computed Tomography Research Group, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria
Search for other papers by Klemens Trieb in
Google Scholar
PubMed
-
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a safe therapy and there are only a few side effects known (such as pain during ESWT and minor haematomata), but no severe complications are to be expected if it is performed as recommended.
-
Contraindications are severe coagulopathy for high-energy ESWT, and ESWT with focus on the foetus or embryo and focus on severe infection.
-
The effect mechanism of ESWT is still a component of diverse studies, but as far as we can summarize today, it is a similar process to a cascade triggered by mechano-transduction: mechanical energy causes changes in the cellular skeleton, which provokes a reaction of the cell core (for example release of mRNA) to influence diverse cell structures such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, intracellular vesicles, etc., so the enzymatic response leads to the improvement of the healing process.
-
The usage of ESWT should be taught, to improve the outcome. Courses should be organized by national societies, since the legal framework conditions are different from one country to another.
-
In this update the musculoskeletal indications are addressed (mainly bone and tendons): pseudoarthrosis, delayed fracture healing, bone marrow oedema and osteonecrosis in its early stages, insertional tendinopathies such as plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendon fasciitis, calcifying tendonitis of the rotator cuff, tennis elbow, and wound healing problems.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:584-592. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190067
Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
Universidad Andrés Bello, Hospital del Trabajador, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
Search for other papers by Juan Ignacio Cirillo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Teodoro Álvarez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Search for other papers by Guillermo A Ricciardi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Facundo Lisandro Alvarez Lemos in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Alfredo Guiroy in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Spine Unit, Department of Traumatology, Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
Search for other papers by Ratko Yurac in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
Search for other papers by Klaus Schnake in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by AO Spine Latin America Trauma Study Group in
Google Scholar
PubMed
, 13 ). The main complementary diagnostic tool is the computed tomography (CT) scan, including sagittal and coronal reconstruction, due to its ability to analyze bone anatomy in the three views of the lateral mass. The scan effectiveness has 99
Search for other papers by Stephen Gates in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Brain Sager in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Michael Khazzam in
Google Scholar
PubMed
aids in determining the presence of glenoid wear anteriorly or posteriorly, humeral head subluxation, or dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. Computed tomography (CT) Computed tomography (CT) scan is a very useful tool for characterization of
Search for other papers by Pierre-Louis Docquier in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Laurent Paul in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Khanh TranDuy in
Google Scholar
PubMed
organ (bone). There are three types of surgical navigation systems: Volumetric image-based navigation uses volumetric images, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound echograms (US). These modalities are
Search for other papers by Vasileios Lampridis in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nikolaos Gougoulias in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anthony Sakellariou in
Google Scholar
PubMed
fracture is suspected (such as in an SER 4 injury where there is no obvious osseous posterior – SER 3 – injury), or clearly detected on radiographs, a computed tomography (CT) scan of the distal tibia and hindfoot is mandatory. These fractures are usually
Search for other papers by Hagen Fritzsche in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anne Weidlich in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Klaus-Dieter Schaser in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Elisabeth Mehnert in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Doreen Winkler in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Stefan Rammelt in
Google Scholar
PubMed
marrow, concomitant oedema and contrast enhancement ( 2 , 16 ). For a better and more precise assessment of the bone as well as 3D expansion, composition of the tissue matrix and cortical reaction, additional computed tomography (CT) imaging is most
Search for other papers by Alexandre Sitnik in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Aleksander Beletsky in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Steven Schelkun in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Gorup J . Axial computed tomography of pilon fractures . Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996 ; 323 : 273 - 276 . 17 Topliss CJ Jackson M Atkins RM . Anatomy of pilon fractures of the distal tibia . J Bone Joint Surg
Search for other papers by Benjamín Cancino in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile
Search for other papers by Matías Sepúlveda in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Search for other papers by Estefanía Birrer in
Google Scholar
PubMed
accessory ossification nuclei as indicative of traumatic bone injury. Fig. 9 X-rays of the right ankle of a 10-year-old girl. Park–Harris lines (arrows) that are parallel to the physis are visible, indicating normal growth. Computed tomography
Sport Traumatology and Biomechanics Unit, Rehasport Clinic, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Search for other papers by Jakub Stefaniak in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Przemyslaw Lubiatowski in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anna Maria Kubicka in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anna Wawrzyniak in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Joanna Wałecka in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Leszek Romanowski in
Google Scholar
PubMed
AP view) and humeral head (Hill–Sachs visible in the AP view in maximal external rotation). The ISIS did not, however, consider the exact percentage of glenoid bone loss and was not correlated with either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance
Search for other papers by Peter H. Richter in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Florian Gebhard in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Alexander Eickhoff in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Konrad Schütze in
Google Scholar
PubMed
C-arm choice is directly linked to image quality and dose efficiency. Even among flat-panel C-arms there are significant differences regarding these entities. 10 Cone-beam computed tomography Cone-beam CT is a 3D data set, which can be
