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Vikki Wylde Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.

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Andrew Beswick Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.

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Julie Bruce Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK.

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Ashley Blom Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.
North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.

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Nicholas Howells North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.

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Rachael Gooberman-Hill Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.

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Introduction The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines chronic pain as pain persisting for three months or longer. 1 Chronic post-surgical pain is widely accepted to be pain of at least three to six months

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Juan Manuel Henríquez-Jurado Department of Health Sciences. University of Jaén. Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, Jaén, Spain

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María Catalina Osuna-Pérez Department of Health Sciences. University of Jaén. Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, Jaén, Spain

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Héctor García-López Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine. University of Almería. Ctra Sacrament s/n, Almería, Spain

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Rafael Lomas-Vega Department of Health Sciences. University of Jaén. Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, Jaén, Spain

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María del Carmen López-Ruiz Department of Health Sciences. University of Jaén. Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, Jaén, Spain

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Esteban Obrero-Gaitán Department of Health Sciences. University of Jaén. Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, Jaén, Spain

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Irene Cortés-Pérez Department of Health Sciences. University of Jaén. Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, Jaén, Spain

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’ ( 1 ). Chronic pain is pain that persists for more than 3 months, even if the injury has healed. Musculoskeletal pain is one of the most prevalent causes of chronic pain worldwide, characterized by discomfort in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and

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Andrea Fidanza Unit of Orthopaedics and Traumatology - Department of life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy
Hand Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Stefano Necozione Unit of Clinical Epidemiology - Department of life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy

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Lorenzo Garagnani Hand Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

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Introduction Wrist arthritis, either primary or secondary, is a debilitating condition that often leads to significant limitations in the use of the hand due to chronic wrist pain. When conservative treatment fails, surgical intervention is

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E Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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Alberto D Delgado-Martínez Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
Department of Surgery, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain

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Javier De Andrés-Ares Department of Anesthetics, Pain Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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Introduction The use of radiofrequency (RF, also known as rhizotomy or neurotomy) for managing chronic pain was first reported in 1931 when Kirschner described the management of trigeminal neuralgia by applying RF to the Gasserian ganglion ( 1

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Hao-Ran Xu Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China

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Yong-Hui Zhang Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China

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Yi-Li Zheng Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China

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, n Studies, n Pain duration Owen et al . ( 5 ) 11/11 High Chronic LBP 5578 89 RCTs ≥12 weeks Inception to 05/2019 Bernard et al . ( 25 ) 9/11 High Chronic LBP 200 6 RCTs >12 weeks Inception to 0

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Kashif Ansari Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Manjot Singh Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Jake R McDermott Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
SUNY Downstate Medical School, New York City, New York, USA

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Jerzy A Gregorczyk Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Mariah Balmaceno-Criss Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Mohammad Daher Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Christopher L McDonald Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Bassel G Diebo Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Alan H Daniels Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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on the extent of the curvature, with simple observation and bracing for mild cases and surgical management for severe cases ( 13 , 14 ). Despite optimal management, AIS can continue into adulthood and result in chronic pain, disability, and

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Eustathios Kenanidis Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland
Academic Orthopaedic Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece
Centre of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (CORE) – Centre of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI) – Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece

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George Kyriakopoulos Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland
Gennimatas General Hospital, Cholargos, Athens, Greece

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Rajiv Kaila Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland

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Panayiotis Christofilopoulos Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland

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vascularity. 12 Three distinct clinical scenarios have been described for abductor tendon tears. First, they may be chronic tears. These are often found in the over 70-year-old age group, in patients with persistent lateral hip pain, non-responsive to

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Ali-Asgar Najefi Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, UK

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Luckshmana Jeyaseelan Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, UK

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Matthew Welck Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, UK

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will complain of pain, stiffness of the MTP joint and swelling. They may describe weakness in push-off. Clinical assessment begins with inspection of the great toe for swelling, ecchymosis or malalignment, as well as palpation of the collateral

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Megan Conti Mica University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Department of Orthopedics, AZ Monica, Deurne, Belgium
Department of Orthopedics, AZ Monica, Deurne, and University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium

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Pieter Caekebeke University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Department of Orthopedics, AZ Monica, Deurne, Belgium
Department of Orthopedics, AZ Monica, Deurne, and University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium

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Roger van Riet University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Department of Orthopedics, AZ Monica, Deurne, Belgium
Department of Orthopedics, AZ Monica, Deurne, and University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium

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stability, and sectioning the muscles decreases stability. 10 Physical examination Chronic PLRI is a clinical diagnosis that includes a history of instability, clicking and lateral-sided pain with a positive clinical examination. Mechanical

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Francesco Smeraglia Department of Public Health, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘Federico II’ University, Naples, Italy

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Federico Tamborini Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Leonardo Garutti Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Andrea Minini Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Morena A. Basso Department of Public Health, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘Federico II’ University, Naples, Italy

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Mario Cherubino Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Introduction The aetiology of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) remains debated. Today, the most accredited theory reports that a non-compliant fascia stiffens the compartment that fails to adapt to increased blood flow and muscle

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