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Lorenzo Massimo Oldrini Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Pietro Feltri Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Jacopo Albanese Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Stefano Lucchina Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Surgical Department - Hand Surgery Unit EOC, Locarno's Regional Hospital, Locarno, Switzerland
Locarno Hand Center, Locarno, Switzerland

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Giuseppe Filardo Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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Christian Candrian Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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from falls from a standing height and other low-energy trauma ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ). Different treatment options have been developed through the years, the most common being non-operative closed reduction and cast immobilization (CR) or operative open

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Daan Vermeulen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Mara Rosa van der Valk Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Laurens Kaas Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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discussed below. Non-surgical treatment options The different modalities of conservative treatment for first-time patellar dislocation can roughly be classified into two groups. One is immobilization using a cylinder cast or removable splint, the

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Martin Clementson Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Anders Björkman Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Niels O. B. Thomsen Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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, patients had their wrist immobilized in a cast or splint for two weeks which was followed by repeated clinical and radiological examination. Consequently, this approach may lead to considerable overtreatment as in the end only 4–20% of cases are diagnosed

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Thomas J. Holme St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Marta Karbowiak St George’s, University of London, London, UK

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Magnus Arnander St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
St George’s, University of London, London, UK

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Yael Gelfer St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
St George’s, University of London, London, UK

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who refused treatment had 30 degrees loss of extension and 15-degree flexor lag. Pseudoarthrosis in displaced fracture in patient refusing treatment Note . OA, osteoarthritis; ROM, range of motion. Cast immobilization Cast

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Mehnoor Khaliq Leeds Orthopaedic & Trauma Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England

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Vasileios P Giannoudis Leeds Orthopaedic & Trauma Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England

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Jeya Palan Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, England

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Hemant G Pandit Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England

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Bernard H van Duren Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England

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 Treated ankle fractures 2-6.6 weeks  Cast immobilisation Conflicting evidence – avoid driving if right side casted versus no recommendations given Upper limb  Cast immobilisation of left arm Avoid driving while casted  Splints

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Pieter Bas de Witte Department Orthopedic Surgery, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Christiaan J A van Bergen Department Orthopedic Surgery, Amphia, Breda, the Netherlands

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Babette L de Geest Knowledge Institute of Medical Specialists, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Floor Willeboordse Knowledge Institute of Medical Specialists, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Joost H van Linge Juliana Children’s Hospital, The Hague & Reinier HAGA Orthopaedic Centre, Zoetermeer and Delft, the Netherlands

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Yvon M den Hartog Department Orthopedic Surgery, MST, Enschede, the Netherlands

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Magritha (Margret) M H P Foreman-van Drongelen Department Hip Sonography, Diagnostiek voor U, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

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Renske M Pereboom Dutch Hip Patient Association “Vereniging Afwijkende Heupontwikkeling”, Nijkerk, the Netherlands

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Simon G F Robben Department Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands

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Bart J Burger Department Orthopedic Surgery, North West Hospital Group, Alkmaar, the Netherlands

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M Adhiambo Witlox Department Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands

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Melinda M E H Witbreuk Department Orthopedic Surgery OLVG, AUMC Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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patients with different durations of hip spica cast immobilization after open reduction (anterior approach) ( 26 ). The intervention consisted of removing the spica cast after 4 weeks, followed by an abduction device for 18 h/day for 1 month, 14 h/day for 1

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland

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Cecilia Téllez Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Víctor Villablanca Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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percutaneous fixation using K-wires and are protected with cast immobilization ( 23 ). Stabilization with internal fixation is recommended for displaced fractures, including Salter–Harris I or II fractures, even if they have been successfully reduced with

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Nikolaos Gougoulias Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley Park Hospital, Frimley, UK

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Hesham Oshba Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley Park Hospital, Frimley, UK

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Apostolos Dimitroulias Jacobi Medical Center – Trauma Unit – Bronx, New York, USA

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Anthony Sakellariou Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley Park Hospital, Frimley, UK

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Alexander Wee Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley Park Hospital, Frimley, UK

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protective sensation, standard below-knee cast immobilization may still allow significant movement at the fracture site and initiate the Charcot neuroarthropathy process. Risk factors associated with ankle fractures in diabetics It is known that the

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Sohail Yousaf Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
University of Brighton, UK

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Edward J.C. Dawe Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
Brighton and Sussex Medical Schools, UK

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Alan Saleh Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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Ian R. Gill Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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Alex Wee Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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, there is no conclusive evidence to support the routine use of pharmacological adjuncts in the management of acute Charcot foot. 29 Mechanical off-loading and the role of total contact casts Prompt diagnosis is the key element to achieve

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Maartje Michielsen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Annemieke Van Haver Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Matthias Vanhees Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Roger van Riet Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Frederik Verstreken Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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Case 1 A 24-year-old motorcyclist sustained a fracture at the waist of the scaphoid, which was treated with cast immobilization for 12 weeks. He suffered from activity-related pain and continuous swelling of the wrist. Examination showed limited

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