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Tommaso Bonanzinga Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy

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Matteo Carlo Ferrari Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy

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Piergiuseppe Tanzi IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli; Università di Bologna, Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Bologna, Italy

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Filippo Vandenbulcke Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy

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Akos Zahar Helios ENDO-Klinik, Hamburg, Germany

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Maurilio Marcacci Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Prosthetic joint infections (PJI) occur in 0.7% to 2.4% of patients and are responsible for 15% of failed total hip arthroplasties and 25% of revision total knee arthroplasties. 1 , 2 Almost any microorganism can cause PJI

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Pier F. Indelli Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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Stefano Ghirardelli IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Bruno Violante IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Derek F. Amanatullah Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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Introduction Musculoskeletal infection is a leading cause of chronic pain and major disability. The incidence of musculoskeletal infection, including periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), is increasing in association with an ageing population

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Marjan Wouthuyzen-Bakker Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Introduction Historically, cultures are considered as the gold standard in diagnosing any type of infection. However, cultures can be negative in many infectious diseases, including periprosthetic joint infections (PJI), in particular when a

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AliSina Shahi The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA

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Javad Parvizi The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA

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Introduction Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is responsible for 25% of failed total knee arthroplasties 1 and 15% of revision total hip arthroplasties. 2 PJI has a huge economic burden on the health care system, and there will

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Michael de Buys Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Krisantha Moodley Emergency Department, ER Consulting, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Josip Nenad Cakic Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Life Fourways Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Jurek R T Pietrzak Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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where the surgery took place ( 3 ). Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) refers to a spectrum of all infective conditions related to TJA, ranging from superficial SSIs to deep infections involving the implanted prostheses ( 4 , 5 ). Many attempts have

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Razvan Ene Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
Bucharest Emergency Clinical Hospital, Romania

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Mihai Nica Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Dragos Ene Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
Bucharest Emergency Clinical Hospital, Romania

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Adrian Cursaru Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Catalin Cirstoiu Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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, editors. In: Management of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) . Amsterdam : Woodhead Publishing , 2017 : 41 – 68 . 24. Cirstoiu C Ene R Panti Z Ene P Cirstoiu M . Particularities of shoulder

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Martin McNally The Bone infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK

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Irene Sigmund The Bone infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria

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Andrew Hotchen The Bone infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK

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Ricardo Sousa Porto Bone and Joint Infection Group (GRIP), Department of Orthopaedics, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Santo António and CUF-Hospitais e Clinicas, Portugal

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Introduction Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) has been identified as the second most common cause of revision after knee arthroplasty and the fourth commonest cause in hips, in the United Kingdom ( 1 ). This may be a major underestimation as

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Yangqi Xu Department of Surgery, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia

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Tony B Huang Department of Surgery, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia

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Michael A Schuetz Jamieson Trauma Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Peter F M Choong Department of Surgery, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Orthopaedics, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia

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the ICARAUS group
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Introduction Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most devastating post-surgical complications for a patient undergoing a total joint arthroplasty (TJA). As one of the leading causes of joint replacement failure, PJI causes implant

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Jeya Palan Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Ciaran Nolan Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Kostas Sarantos Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Richard Westerman Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Richard King Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Pedro Foguet Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Introduction Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) remain a difficult and challenging complication of all joint arthroplasty surgery. The incidence of a PJI after a primary total hip replacement (THR) or knee replacement (TKR) is reported as

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Donald J. Davidson Research Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University College London, London, UK
Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK

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David Spratt Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK

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Alexander D. Liddle Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
MSK Lab, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Introduction Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most feared complications of arthroplasty surgery due to its resistance to therapy with existing antibiotics. 1 It is a major cause of failure in arthroplasty, being the leading

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