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Giorgio Maria Calori ASST-Pini-CTO, University of Milan, Orthopaedic Reparative Surgery Department, Milan, Italy

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Emilio Mazza ASST-Pini-CTO, University of Milan, Orthopaedic Reparative Surgery Department, Milan, Italy

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Alessandra Colombo ASST-Pini-CTO, University of Milan, Orthopaedic Reparative Surgery Department, Milan, Italy

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Simone Mazzola ASST-Pini-CTO, University of Milan, Orthopaedic Reparative Surgery Department, Milan, Italy

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Massimiliano Colombo ASST-Pini-CTO, University of Milan, Orthopaedic Reparative Surgery Department, Milan, Italy

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enhance bone repair due to osteoprogenitor cells. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation based on CD surgery can provide seed cells to promote repair and restoration of the FH, accelerate reconstruction and produce creeping substitution of new bone

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Minghe Yao West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Tingkui Wu Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Beiyu Wang Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Introduction Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are easily accessed self-renewing cells with proliferation potential, multilineage differentiation potency, and immunoregulatory functions ( 1 ). Various cell sources can be used to isolate MSCs

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Gerardo Fusco Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Francesco M. Gambaro Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Berardo Di Matteo Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
First Moscow State Medical University – Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia

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Elizaveta Kon Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy

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products we include corticosteroids (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), polynucleotides, oxygen-ozone therapy, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). CS and HA are ranked first as the most frequently injected substances and their use is

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Hsiao-Yi Cheng Department of Primary Care Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chun-Wei Liang School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Primary Care Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yu-Hao Lee Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Timporn Vitoonpong Department of Rehabilitation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bankok, Thailand

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Chun-De Liao Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Master’s Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Shih-Wei Huang Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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, hyaluronic acids, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet rich in growth factor (PRGF), botulinum toxin A, O 2 –O 3 , dextrose, and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). Regarding exercise, most studies included resistance training programs to strengthen the quadriceps

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Enrique Gómez-Barrena Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital La Paz-IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Norma G. Padilla-Eguiluz Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital La Paz-IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Philippe Rosset Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologie, CHU Tours, Université de Tours, Tours, France

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non-union treatment. Bone autograft is the safest and most effective grafting procedure, since it contains the patient’s mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to enhance osteogenesis and growth factors to enhance osteo-induction, 16 while providing a

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Luca Pierannunzii Gaetano Pini Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy

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Luigi Zagra Gaetano Pini Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy

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is the passive ability of a scaffold to be progressively substituted by viable bone; osteoinductivity is the capacity to stimulate the osteoblastic differentiation of local adult stem cells (i.e. mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs) through specific growth

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Tobias Winkler Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Sven Geissler Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Tazio Maleitzke Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Trauma Orthopaedic Research Copenhagen Hvidovre (TORCH), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Carsten Perka Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany

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Georg N Duda Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Alexander Hildebrandt Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany

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numerous experimental and clinical studies, the broad application of stromal cell therapeutics is not yet emerging ( 45 ). To ensure comparability between cell experiments, the term MSC should only be used for cells that fulfil at least the minimal

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Lars Nonnenmacher Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Maximilian Fischer Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Lyubomir Haralambiev Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Sander Bekeschus ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Greifswald, Germany

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Frank Schulze Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Georgi I Wassilew Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Janosch Schoon Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Johannes C Reichert Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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). Further, in vitro studies also suggested selective cytotoxicity of indirect CPP treatment in OS cells over mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) ( 79 ) and other less malignant cells ( 70 ). As mentioned earlier, it is assumed that the selectivity of CPP on

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Enrique Gómez-Barrena Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital La Paz-IdiPaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Christian Ehrnthaller Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany

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( 12 ) and also a decrease in proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) ( 13 ), which may suggest a systemic mesenchymal and osteogenic cell pool defect in patients sustaining this type of lesion. Those are the non-unions that

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Simon Donell University of East Anglia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Norwich Medical School, UK

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osteoblasts, osteoclasts and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Rather than mature osteoblasts lining the resorption pits in damaged subchondral bone, the osteoblasts come from bone marrow-derived MSCs migrating and transforming into osteoblasts. 18

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