Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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in congenital deformities of 46% of the Cobb angle ( 79 ). Other studies showed a correction rate of 62 and 8% neurological complications and 2% spinal cord injury ( 80 ). Treatment algorithm Based on this review, we propose the following
Department of Surgery, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Orthopedic and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
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Department of Surgery, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Department of Surgery, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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the dome of the talus 4 Obliteration of the whole joint space with complete bone contact Ankle osteoarthritis treatment Treatment relies on three main pillars ( 30 ) ( Fig. 3 ): Figure 3 Global treatment algorithm for
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even more challenging and more frequent. Various procedures have been described in the literature to address selected causes leading to this complication. However, to date, no comprehensive and extensive treatment algorithm has been published to help
Orthopedic Department, Spine Unit, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
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Orthopedic Department, Spine Unit, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
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conservative and operative treatment ( 2 ). The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a treatment algorithm for this disease after reviewing its physiopathology. Etiology and pathophysiology Until now, the exact etiology of SK is still unknown
Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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the stem ( 2 ). Although most orthopaedic surgeons use the Vancouver system as a reference, it is rarely used as a closed treatment algorithm ( 3 , 4 ). According to the authors of the Vancouver classification, ( 2 ) type A fractures can be treated
Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
Universidad Andrés Bello, Hospital del Trabajador, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
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Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Teodoro Álvarez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Spine Unit, Department of Traumatology, Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
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Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
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subluxation or perched/dislocated facet ( 30 ). Figure 4 Treatment algorithm. SCSICS, Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification System ( 30 ); ACDF, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance
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Latarjet modifies the anatomy of the shoulder, and subsequent revision surgery is challenging.
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It is mandatory to determine the cause of recurrence in order to select the best treatment option. A CT scan is needed to measure glenoid track and evaluate coracoid graft status: position, degree of consolidation, and osteolysis.
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Conservative management can be advocated in selected patients in whom the instability level does not interfere with the activities they wish to perform. Surgical treatment is based on the glenoid track measurement and coracoid graft suitability.
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The coracoid graft is considered suitable if it preserves the conjoint tendon insertion, does not show osteolysis, and is large enough to reconstruct the glenoid surface. Adding a remplissage is recommended for those cases with a coracoid graft insufficient to convert large off-track Hill–Sachs lesions into on-track.
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If the coracoid graft is suitable to reconstruct bone defects in terms of size and viability but is poorly positioned or avulsed, graft repositioning can be a valid option.
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In patients with unsuitable coracoid bone graft, free bone graft is the revision technique of choice. The size of the graft should be large enough to restore the glenoid surface and to convert any off-track Hill–Sachs lesion into on-track.
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There is a small group of patients in whom bone defects were properly addressed but Latarjet failed due to hyperlaxity or poor soft tissue quality. Extraarticular capsular reinforcement is suggested in this population.
Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Machine learning (ML), a subset of artificial intelligence, is crucial for spine care and research due to its ability to improve treatment selection and outcomes, leveraging the vast amounts of data generated in health care for more accurate diagnoses and decision support.
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ML's potential in spine care is particularly notable in radiological image analysis, including the localization and labeling of anatomical structures, detection and classification of radiological findings, and prediction of clinical outcomes, thereby paving the way for personalized medicine.
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The manuscript discusses ML's application in spine care, detailing supervised and unsupervised learning, regression, classification, and clustering, and highlights the importance of both internal and external validation in assessing ML model performance.
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Several ML algorithms such as linear models, support vector machines, decision trees, neural networks, and deep convolutional neural networks, can be used in the spine domain to analyze diverse data types (visual, tabular, omics, and multimodal).
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IV + five weeks p.o.) ( Figure 2 ). Fig. 2 Treatment algorithm for infection after fracture fixation. In case of late infection, the treatment goal can be eradication or suppression of the infection. It would be preferable to choose the
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Kümmell disease. Based on this literature review, we propose a treatment algorithm for OVFs that are relatively stable fractures (the majority A1 or A3) ( Fig. 6 ). Pain and maintaining an upright position are the most important indications for cement
