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assessed by the pelvic incidence (PI) angle, a concept that originated from Duval-Beaupère’s studies, 16 which can be measured in a sagittal standing radiograph. PI is defined as the angle created by the intersection of the line drawn from the centre

”, “sagittal balance”, “sagittal imbalance”, “pelvic incidence” and “lumbar lordosis”. The inclusion criteria were articles, clinical guidelines, systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in indexed journals, with full

aspect of the femur ( 7 ). Spinopelvic parameters such as sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), and pelvic incidence (PI) aid in classifying such positional changes ( Figs 1 and 2 ). Figure 1 Reduction of sacral slope (SS, blue lines) between the

, sagittal facets). More recently, the role of sagittal alignment was highlighted: DS patients had on average higher pelvic incidence than asymptomatic subjects. 38 Based on these findings, one explanation of the physiopathology of DS might be that high

bicoxofemoral axis to the midpoint of the sacral plate and the vertical ( 47 ). Pelvic incidence (PI) Pelvic incidence is defined as the angle between a line perpendicular to the sacral plate at its midpoint and a line connecting the same point to the

Comparison between a ‘hip’ and ‘spine’ user’s pelvic kinematics in standing (solid line) and sitting (dashed line). Note the differences in pelvic incidence (blue), sacral slope (green) and the sacro-femoral angle (orange). Fig. 4 Type 1 spine

spino-pelvic parameters: sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), pelvic incidence (PI), lumbar lordosis (LL) and the C7 plumb line (C7pl) ( Fig. 1 ). 4 , 5 SS, PT and LL are ‘functional parameters’, as their value varies with body position; PI is a

lumbo-pelvic complex and the hip joint. The main spino-pelvic parameters important to know are: sacral slope, pelvic tilt and pelvic incidence. Pelvic incidence is a morphological parameter (constant for an individual), sacral slope and pelvic tilt are

type 2. Conversely, an extension of the spine will lead to type 3. The SPD can change the shape of the sacrum and acetabulum, thereby altering the position of the acetabula within the pelvis and changing the pelvic incidence (cf. Fig. 3 ). Pelvic

vertical; the 'pelvic incidence' (PI) more accurately reflects the relative position of the hip to the axial skeleton and is this more applicable to sagittal balance and the body’s biomechanics. Both ways are equally suited to measure the change in pelvic