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A Frodl Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany

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N Geisteuer Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Asklepios Hospital Harburg, Hamburg, Germany

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A Fuchs Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany

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T Nymark Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Odense, Odense C, Denmark

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H Schmal Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Odense, Odense C, Denmark

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Introduction Lower extremity amputation bears a high risk for post-surgical wound infections ( 1 ). Multi-morbid patients with diabetes-induced peripheral arterial disease represent the main subjects of major lower limb amputations ( 2 ). A

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Marko Bumbaširević School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
University Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Serbia

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Aleksandar Lesic School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
University Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Serbia

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Tomislav Palibrk School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
University Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Serbia

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Darko Milovanovic School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
University Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Serbia

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Milan Zoka King’s College Hospital, London, UK

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Tamara Kravić-Stevović University of Belgrade, Department of Histology and Embryology, Serbia

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Stanisa Raspopovic ETH Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent System, Zurich, Switzerland

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limb. The situation in upper limb amputation, hand or forearm, is the most complex, since the hand represents the highest level of evolution with sophisticated and unique functions. Its control of 40 muscles and the involvement of a large surface of the

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Brijesh Ayyaswamy Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Bilal Saeed Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Anoop Anand Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Lai Chan Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK

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Vishwanath Shetty Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Syndrome Leading to Bilateral Upper Limb Amputation: A Case Report Pagoti et al, 200827 UK 7 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS, RSDS) Diagnosis and Therapy. A Review of 824 Patients Hooshmand and Hashmi, 1999 18 USA 8 Case Report

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Gerhard M. Hobusch Medical University of Vienna, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Vienna, Austria

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Kevin Döring Medical University of Vienna, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Vienna, Austria

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Rickard Brånemark Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
Biomechatronics Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Reinhard Windhager Medical University of Vienna, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Vienna, Austria

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2019 Preemptive treatment of phantom and residual limb pain with targeted muscle reinnervation at the time of major limb amputation Level II, prospective comparative study with 51 patients with major limb amputation with immediate TMR compared with

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Carlos A. Encinas-Ullán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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Primitivo Gómez-Cardero Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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Juan S. Ruiz-Pérez Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Osteoarticular Surgery Research Hospital, La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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metaphyseal sleeves to fill bone defects, as well as modular augmentation to preserve the joint line. Other options are an allograft–prosthesis composite, knee arthrodesis, or limb amputation. Fig. 3 Lateral radiograph of the right knee shows a rotating

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Andreas F. Mavrogenis First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Panayiotis D. Megaloikonomos First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Thekla Antoniadou First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Vasilios G. Igoumenou First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Georgios N. Panagopoulos First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Leonidas Dimopoulos First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Konstantinos G. Moulakakis Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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George S. Sfyroeras Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Andreas Lazaris Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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certain malignancies. Following a major amputation, 50% of patients will have their other limb amputated within four years and approximately 50% of them will die within five years of developing a DFU ( Fig. 5 ). 1 , 2 Lower-limb amputation may be

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Babar Kayani University College London Hospital, London, UK

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Sujith Konan University College London Hospital, London, UK

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Atif Ayuob University College London Hospital, London, UK

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Salamah Ayyad University College London Hospital, London, UK

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Fares S. Haddad University College London Hospital, London, UK

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modern anaesthesia, surgical treatment of hip osteoarthritis included proximal femoral resection or limb amputation. 1 , 2 Increasing functional demands of patients and developments in general anaesthesia led to the creation of interposition

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Michalis Panteli Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds General Infirmary; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK

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Peter V. Giannoudis Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds General Infirmary; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK

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will require limb amputation. 2 Antibiotic treatment Initial empiric antibiotic treatment should be commenced as soon as the culture samples have been obtained. The antibiotic regimen should then be tailored to the results of the cultures and

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Bülent Atilla Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey

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Hande Güney-Deniz Hacettepe University Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey

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has shrunk. 23 Surgical excisions, including limb amputations, may be necessary for large pseudotumours, particularly if they erode long bones. Large abdominal pseudotumours present a special challenge in surgical management of haemophilia

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Mehnoor Khaliq Leeds Orthopaedic & Trauma Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England

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Vasileios P Giannoudis Leeds Orthopaedic & Trauma Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England

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Jeya Palan Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, England

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Hemant G Pandit Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England

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Bernard H van Duren Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England

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. Any discrepancies between the investigators (MK/VG) were referred to a third investigator for arbitration (BvD). Full texts of articles meeting the inclusion criteria were obtained. All studies related to limb amputation in the upper/lower extremity

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