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Hsiao-Yi Cheng Department of Primary Care Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chun-Wei Liang School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Primary Care Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yu-Hao Lee Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Timporn Vitoonpong Department of Rehabilitation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bankok, Thailand

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Chun-De Liao Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Master’s Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Shih-Wei Huang Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Introduction Knee osteoarthritis is a common cause of disability in older adults. Current treatment strategies for knee osteoarthritis can be classified as surgical and non-surgical interventions. Total knee arthroplasty is an effective

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Julien Favre Swiss BioMotion Laboratory, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Brigitte M. Jolles Swiss BioMotion Laboratory, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Institute of Microengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

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tissues are primarily conditioned by cyclic loading and gait is the primary load-bearing activity, particularly with knee and OA. Fig. 1 Quantifying three-dimensional ambulatory biomechanics is critical to understand knee osteoarthritis. Combining

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Alessandro Bensa Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Alessandro Sangiorgio Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Angelo Boffa Applied and Translational Research (ATR) Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Manuela Salerno Applied and Translational Research (ATR) Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Giacomo Moraca Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Giuseppe Filardo Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Applied and Translational Research (ATR) Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Lugano, Switzerland

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Introduction Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common orthopedic diseases and represents a major cause of knee pain and disability in older adults ( 1 , 2 ). The prevalence of this degenerative condition is currently rising, with a

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Serkan Bayram Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Ahmet Salduz Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Ahmet Müçteba Yıldırım Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Korhan Özkan Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Levent Eralp Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Retired Professor of Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Harzem Özger Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Retired Professor of Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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surgery has been reported in the literature ( 9 ). Extended curettage and full filling with bone cement for aggressive bone tumor around the knee is also associated with knee osteoarthritis ( 9 ). The hyperthermic polymerization of PMMA may cause damage to

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Di Zhao The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China

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Ling-feng Zeng The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China

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Gui-hong Liang The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China

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Jian-ke Pan The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Ming-hui Luo The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Yan-hong Han The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Jun Liu Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
The fifth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Wei-yi Yang The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Block JA . The relationship of vibratory perception to dynamic joint loading, radiographic severity, and pain in knee osteoarthritis . Arthritis and Rheumatism 2012 64 181 – 186 . ( https://doi.org/10.1002/art.30657 ) 11. Hochberg MC Tive LA

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Gerardo Fusco Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Francesco M. Gambaro Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Berardo Di Matteo Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
First Moscow State Medical University – Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia

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Elizaveta Kon Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy

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. 2. Mora JC Przkora R Cruz-Almeida Y . Knee osteoarthritis: pathophysiology and current treatment modalities . J Pain Res 2018 ; 11 : 2189 – 2196 . 3. Nelson AE Allen KD Golightly YM

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Tommaso Bonanzinga IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy

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Pietro Conte IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy

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Giuseppe Anzillotti IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy

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Vincenzo Longobardi IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy

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Elizaveta Kon IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Disaster Surgery, Moscow, Russia

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Maria Rescigno IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy

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Maurilio Marcacci IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy

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). Extensive research on the PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases was performed on July 15, 2023, using the following words: (microbiome OR microbiota OR bacteria) AND (knee osteoarthritis OR knee OA). The screening process and analysis were conducted

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E Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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). Convolutional neural networks CNNs can identify and classify knee osteoarthritis as accurately as a fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeon According to Schwartz et al. , the use of a CNN to classify osteoarthritis severity could significantly reduce

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Elena Gálvez-Sirvent Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “Infanta Elena” University Hospital, Valdemoro, Madrid, Spain
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain

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Aitor Ibarzábal-Gil Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “La Paz” University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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E Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “La Paz” University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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trigger a malunion of the fracture, resulting in knee osteoarthritis or alteration of the mechanical axis of the lower limb. A suboptimal result after surgery justifies early re-osteosynthesis, otherwise, the result will inevitably be malunion ( 89 ). No

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Mattia Alessio-Mazzola IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Unità Clinica di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Via Olgettina, Milan, Italy

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Giacomo Placella Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, Milan, Italy

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Luigi Zagra Hip Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Orlando Leone Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, Milan, Italy

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Natasha Di Fabio Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, Milan, Italy

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Desiree Moharamzadeh IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Unità Clinica di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Via Olgettina, Milan, Italy

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Vincenzo Salini Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury represents a well-recognized risk factor for the future development of knee osteoarthritis (OA) ( 1 ) as instability is a leading cause of cartilage and meniscal damage with a growing

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