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-6736(1260815-0 ) 20. Wylie JD Jenkins PA Beckmann JT Peters CL Aoki SK Maak TG . Computed tomography scans in patients with young adult hip pain carry a lifetime risk of malignancy . Arthroscopy 2018 34 155 .e3 – 163.e3 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j
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Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, United Kingdom
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://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ionising-radiation-dose-comparisons/ionising-radiation-dose-comparisons (date last accessed 24 November 2022). 10. Smith-Bindman R Wang Y Chu P Chung R Einstein AJ Balcombe J Cocker M Das M Delman BN Flynn M , International variation in radiation dose for computed tomography examinations: prospective
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Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a safe therapy and there are only a few side effects known (such as pain during ESWT and minor haematomata), but no severe complications are to be expected if it is performed as recommended.
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Contraindications are severe coagulopathy for high-energy ESWT, and ESWT with focus on the foetus or embryo and focus on severe infection.
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The effect mechanism of ESWT is still a component of diverse studies, but as far as we can summarize today, it is a similar process to a cascade triggered by mechano-transduction: mechanical energy causes changes in the cellular skeleton, which provokes a reaction of the cell core (for example release of mRNA) to influence diverse cell structures such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, intracellular vesicles, etc., so the enzymatic response leads to the improvement of the healing process.
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The usage of ESWT should be taught, to improve the outcome. Courses should be organized by national societies, since the legal framework conditions are different from one country to another.
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In this update the musculoskeletal indications are addressed (mainly bone and tendons): pseudoarthrosis, delayed fracture healing, bone marrow oedema and osteonecrosis in its early stages, insertional tendinopathies such as plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendon fasciitis, calcifying tendonitis of the rotator cuff, tennis elbow, and wound healing problems.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:584-592. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190067
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, 13 ). The main complementary diagnostic tool is the computed tomography (CT) scan, including sagittal and coronal reconstruction, due to its ability to analyze bone anatomy in the three views of the lateral mass. The scan effectiveness has 99
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aids in determining the presence of glenoid wear anteriorly or posteriorly, humeral head subluxation, or dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. Computed tomography (CT) Computed tomography (CT) scan is a very useful tool for characterization of
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organ (bone). There are three types of surgical navigation systems: Volumetric image-based navigation uses volumetric images, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound echograms (US). These modalities are
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fracture is suspected (such as in an SER 4 injury where there is no obvious osseous posterior – SER 3 – injury), or clearly detected on radiographs, a computed tomography (CT) scan of the distal tibia and hindfoot is mandatory. These fractures are usually
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marrow, concomitant oedema and contrast enhancement ( 2 , 16 ). For a better and more precise assessment of the bone as well as 3D expansion, composition of the tissue matrix and cortical reaction, additional computed tomography (CT) imaging is most
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Gorup J . Axial computed tomography of pilon fractures . Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996 ; 323 : 273 - 276 . 17 Topliss CJ Jackson M Atkins RM . Anatomy of pilon fractures of the distal tibia . J Bone Joint Surg
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accessory ossification nuclei as indicative of traumatic bone injury. Fig. 9 X-rays of the right ankle of a 10-year-old girl. Park–Harris lines (arrows) that are parallel to the physis are visible, indicating normal growth. Computed tomography
