Karan Malhotra
Karan Malhotra
Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
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Kinner Davda
Kinner Davda
Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
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Dishan Singh
Dishan Singh
Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
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. The main adult sagittal plane deformities consist of claw toes, hammer toes and mallet toes ( Fig. 2 ). Axial plane deformities include crossover toes. These deformities have been variously defined in the literature, perhaps in part because the
Djandan Tadum Arthur Vithran
Djandan Tadum Arthur Vithran
Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Xu Liu
Xu Liu
Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Miao He
Miao He
Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Anko Elijah Essien
Anko Elijah Essien
Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Michael Opoku
Michael Opoku
Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Yusheng Li
Yusheng Li
Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Ming-Qing Li
Ming-Qing Li
Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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. In severe cases, the first and fifth metatarsal bones may appear as skin ulcers due to long-term wear ( 5 ). When the child has claw toe deformity due to friction with the shoe, the back of the toe may also appear callose or have skin ulcers. Children
Lorenz Pisecky
Lorenz Pisecky
Department for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Matthias Luger
Matthias Luger
Department for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Antonio Klasan
Antonio Klasan
Department for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Tobias Gotterbarm
Tobias Gotterbarm
Department for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Matthias C. Klotz
Matthias C. Klotz
Department for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Rainer Hochgatterer
Rainer Hochgatterer
Department for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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orthopaedic surgeons to hold the reduction of the osteotomy in hallux valgus, hammer toe, claw toe, metatarsalgia and digitus quintus varus deformities. Due to their similarity with conventional titanium screws and larger diameter, bioabsorbable screws made
Carlos Maynou
Carlos Maynou
CHU Lille, Orthopaedic Department, F-59000 Lille, France
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Christophe Szymanski
Christophe Szymanski
CHU Lille, Orthopaedic Department, F-59000 Lille, France
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Alexis Thiounn
Alexis Thiounn
CHU Lille, Orthopaedic Department, F-59000 Lille, France
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forefoot. Fig. 1 a and b) Rigid cavus foot with severe plantarflexed forefoot and claw toes. The posterior cavus or calcaneocavus is characterised by an isolated high calcaneal pitch of greater than 30° related to a weakness of the
Ignacio Sanpera
Ignacio Sanpera
Hospital Universitary Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes BalearsSpain
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Sandra Villafranca-Solano
Sandra Villafranca-Solano
Hospital Universitary Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes BalearsSpain
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Carmen Muñoz-Lopez
Carmen Muñoz-Lopez
Hospital Universitary Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes BalearsSpain
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Julia Sanpera-Iglesias
Julia Sanpera-Iglesias
Evelina Children’s Hospital, London, UK
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foot. Plantar fascial release may have some effect on releasing the retracted foot intrinsic muscle, helping to decrease the longitudinal arch of the foot, but when a claw toe deformity is present, fascial release may be contraindicated. 7 The next
Stefan Rammelt
Stefan Rammelt
University Center of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
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. In addition, the limb should be checked for pathological disorders unrelated to the fracture that may indicate a neurological disorder, like dry, scalding skin, claw toes, subtle cavus and, above all, loss of protective sensation in the sole of the
Andreas F. Mavrogenis
Andreas F. Mavrogenis
First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Panayiotis D. Megaloikonomos
Panayiotis D. Megaloikonomos
First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Thekla Antoniadou
Thekla Antoniadou
First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Vasilios G. Igoumenou
Vasilios G. Igoumenou
First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Georgios N. Panagopoulos
Georgios N. Panagopoulos
First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Leonidas Dimopoulos
Leonidas Dimopoulos
First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Konstantinos G. Moulakakis
Konstantinos G. Moulakakis
Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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George S. Sfyroeras
George S. Sfyroeras
Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Andreas Lazaris
Andreas Lazaris
Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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, which will culminate in a limitation of foot mobility and an abnormal walking pattern. Common diabetic foot deformities are claw toes (metatarsophalangeal joint hyperextension with interphalangeal flexion), hammer toes (distal phalangeal extension
E. Mascard
E. Mascard
Necker University Hospital, 75015 Paris, France.
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N. Gaspar
N. Gaspar
Department of Pediatrics, Institute Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
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L. Brugières
L. Brugières
Department of Pediatrics, Institute Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
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C. Glorion
C. Glorion
Orthopedic Surgery Department, Necker University Hospital, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
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S. Pannier
S. Pannier
Orthopedic Surgery Department, Necker University Hospital, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
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A. Gomez-Brouchet
A. Gomez-Brouchet
Laboratoire d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse- Oncopole, 1 avenue Irène Joliot-Curie. 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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limit the development of a secondary claw toe. It is generally recommended to resect the sesamoid bones and, if possible, to keep more plantar skin. Partial longitudinal amputation usually gives good functional results thanks to an adapted shoe fitted
