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bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), 17 or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to enhance bone repair in the FH. We report a systematic review of the current medical literature on the treatment of early stage AVN of the FH using
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Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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similarly provide an osteoconductive three-dimensional structure onto which new bone can form, and a significant number of osteoinductive growth factors including transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), bone morphogenetic protein-2,4 (BMP-2,4), and pro
These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors
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These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors
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cervical arthrodesis Hilibrand, AS 975 44.3 IV 4 A critical review of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 trials in spinal surgery: emerging safety concerns and lessons learned Carragee, EJ 898 89.8 NA 5 Donor site
IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
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IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
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factors, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs); and osteogenesis is the ability to form new bone from the living osteoblasts and MSCs present within the graft material. Moreover, the autograft is non-immunogenic and cannot transmit infectious agents
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany.
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stimulation is also required. A variety of techniques are described such as autograft (gold standard), bone transport, 31 Masquelet technique, 32 osteoinductive proteins such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 or 7, 33 mechanobiology, 34
Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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patients with long-term follow-up 251 Wong et al. ( 52 ) 2008 Neurologic impairment from ectopic bone in the lumbar canal: a potential complication of off-label PLIF/TLIF use of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) 242 Parker et al
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growth, contributing to chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoblast invasion. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), 16 fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), 17 and wingless/Int-1 (Wnt) signalling 18 are all involved in the communication between
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, proliferation, apoptosis, and promoting angiogenesis. Immunohistochemistry showed ( 27 ) that bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), Runt-associated transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were expressed in
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inflammation, release bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor (TGF), and promote the mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts, which at last participate in the process of bone formation and result in MO
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. Other cellular-based techniques have been described and studied in addition to BMSC application. Specifically, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) has been used as an addition to core decompression due to the biological molecule’s ability to promote