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Stephanie Marrannes Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ghent University, Belgium

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Klaas Victor Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Leuven, Belgium

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Nele Arnout Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ghent University, Belgium

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Tine De Backer Department of Cardiology, Ghent University, Belgium

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Jan Victor Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ghent University, Belgium

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Thomas Tampere Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ghent University, Belgium

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Introduction Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a well-known complication following orthopaedic surgery. In the absence of thromboprophylaxis, incidences up to 40% have been

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Dimitrios A. Flevas First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Panayiotis D. Megaloikonomos First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Leonidas Dimopoulos First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Evanthia Mitsiokapa First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Panayiotis Koulouvaris First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Andreas F. Mavrogenis First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Introduction Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication during and after hospitalization for medical and surgical patients, including orthopaedic patients. More than half of all hospitalized patients are at risk for VTE, with a

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Leonard Christianto Singjie Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Carolus Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
Faculty of Medicine, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

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Reynaldo Halomoan Faculty of Medicine, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

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Ifran Saleh Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Carolus Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

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Endrotomo Sumargono Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Carolus Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia

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Erica Kholinne Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Carolus Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia

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Introduction Patients undergoing major orthopedic surgeries, such as total hip replacement (THR), total knee replacement (TKR), and trauma surgery (hip/femur fracture), are at an elevated risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Deep vein

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Ioannis Ktistakis School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK

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Vasileios Giannoudis School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK

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Peter V. Giannoudis School of Medicine, University of Leeds; National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK

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tables. Results For part A, the following guidelines were reviewed (see Table 1 ). 1 , 3 - 6 NICE guidelines (CG92) recommend combined VTE prophylaxis with mechanical and pharmacological methods for patients undergoing hip fracture

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Stefan Lazic South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, UK

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Oliver Boughton MSK Lab, Imperial College London, UK

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Catherine F. Kellett South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, UK

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Deiary F. Kader South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, UK

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Loïc Villet Centre de l’arthrose – Clinique du sport, Mérignac, France

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Charles Rivière South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, UK
MSK Lab, Imperial College London, UK

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increased risk of surgical site infection. 45 Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis Preventing post-operative VTE without significantly increasing the risk of bleeding is best accomplished with a multimodal patient-specific approach using non

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Haroon Majeed Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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,681,447 Bladder injury 31 9,771,348 Rupture of a structure 18 975,811 Compartment syndrome 48 12,239,999 VTE 118 10,648,277 Tendon injury 132 10,706,687 Psychiatric issues 40 3,386,709 Pressure

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Xiangji Dang Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
Department of Pharmaceutical, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu province, P.R. China

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Mei Liu The First Clinical Medical School, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Gansu, P.R. China

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Qiang Yang Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu province, P.R. China

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Jin Jiang Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu province, P.R. China

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Yan Liu Gansu High Throughput Screening and Creation Center for Health Products, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China

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Hui Sun Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu province, P.R. China

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Jinhui Tian Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China

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venous thromboembolism (VTE), myocardial infarction (MI), cerebrovascular accident, and transient ischemic attack present a unique challenge due to their heightened susceptibility to thromboembolic events. These factors intricately contribute to the

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Claus Varnum The Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark

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Alma Bečić Pedersen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Ola Rolfson The Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register
Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Cecilia Rogmark The Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register
Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Malmö, Sweden

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Ove Furnes The Norwegian Arthroplasty Register, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Geir Hallan The Norwegian Arthroplasty Register, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Keijo Mäkelä The Finnish Arthroplasty Register
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

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Richard de Steiger Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR), Adelaide, Australia
Department of Surgery, Epworth HealthCare, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

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Martyn Porter The National Joint Registry of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Isle of Man
Centre for Hip Surgery, Wrightington Hospital, Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Trust, Lancashire, United Kingdom

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Søren Overgaard The Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register
Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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thromboembolism (VTE) and blood transfusion have also been thoroughly investigated. Pharmacological thromboprophylaxis is a standard and well-accepted peri-operative treatment. Despite treatment, risk of symptomatic VTE has been reported to be up to 6% within 90

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Richard Peter Almeida Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Lipalo Mokete Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Nkhodiseni Sikhauli Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Allan Roy Sekeitto Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Jurek Pietrzak Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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, enoxaparin (low molecular weight heparin), fondaparinux, rivaroxaban and aspirin to mitigate the risk of venous thromboembolic events (VTE). 4 , 31 Each of the agents have different mechanisms of actions, dosages and routes of administration, with negative

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Ioannis V. Papachristos Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK

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Peter V. Giannoudis Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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(Xarelto), apixaban (Eliquis) and edoxaban (Lixiana) and was quite recently introduced in 2013 for prevention of thrombo-embolism after elective total hip or knee replacement. Their indications were extended to treatment of venous thrombo-embolism (VTE) and

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