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Jonathan G. Robin Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health Network, Australia

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Philippe Neyret Lyon 1 University, France

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recently attention has been directed at treating coronal malalignment and associated knee instabilities with HTO with and without ligament reconstruction. Further, there has been more interest shown in sagittal plane deformity of the proximal tibia. In

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David T. Wallace Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
Department of Orthopaedics, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK

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Philip E. Riches Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

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Frédéric Picard Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
Department of Orthopaedics, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK

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form conclusions as to the biomechanical nature of self-reported instability and to suggest further direction for research to produce a quantifiable marker for knee instability. PubMed and Medline searches using the terms ‘knee’, ‘osteoarthritis

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Chilan Bou Ghosson Leite Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clinicas, HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Patricia Moreno Grangeiro Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clinicas, HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Diego Ubrig Munhoz Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clinicas, HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Pedro Nogueira Giglio Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clinicas, HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Gilberto Luis Camanho Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clinicas, HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Riccardo Gomes Gobbi Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clinicas, HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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anomalies are often associated with CFD, 4 such as dysplasia of the cruciate ligaments, leading to an anteroposterior knee instability. 5 Manner et al assessed the ligamentous dysplasia in congenital lower limb deformities, particularly in cases of

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Cheuk Yin Li School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Kenneth Jordan Ng Cheong Chung School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Omar M. E. Ali School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Nicholas D. H. Chung School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Cheuk Heng Li School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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pad, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid. Other inflammatory markers are increased in all these sites where IL-8 is the most induced. 32 Instability Thirty-two per cent of patients reported knee instability with activity limitation and

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Carlos A. Encinas-Ullán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘La Paz’ University Hospital-IdiPaz, Spain

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘La Paz’ University Hospital-IdiPaz, Spain

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rotational stability. The authors analysed 56 patients with medial knee instability treated with MCL reconstruction. There was a reduction in the medial opening from a preoperative 10.1 mm to a postoperative 2.9 mm and a reduction of rotational instability

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Francisco Figueroa Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile

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David Figueroa Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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Sven Putnis Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK

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Rodrigo Guiloff Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile

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Patricio Caro Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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João Espregueira-Mendes Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Portugal
Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal

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Introduction Injuries to the posterolateral corner (PLC) of the knee have long been recognized as a component of knee instability, but the incidence was initially presumed to be infrequent. An early large single-centre study of 735 knee

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Riccardo D’Ambrosi IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Katia Corona Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy

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Germano Guerra Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy

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Simone Cerciello Department of Orthopaedics, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
Casa di Cura Villa Betania, Rome, Italy
Marrelli Hospital, Crotone, Italy

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Chiara Ursino IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy

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Nicola Ursino IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Michael Hantes Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece

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Bruzzone M Dettoni F et al. Treatment of medial and posteromedial knee instability: indications, techniques, and review of the results . Iowa Orthop J 2012 ; 32 : 173 – 183 . 25. Chahla J Kunze KN LaPrade

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Emmanuel Thienpont University Hospital Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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, wound complications such as slough and/or iatrogenic knee instability can be avoided. 6 There are a number of different exposures for stiff and scarred knees, the biggest challenge of all. The type of approach chosen by the surgeon should

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Maria Beatriz Quaresma Orthopaedics Department, University Hospital Santa Maria – Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal

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José Portela Orthopaedics Department, University Hospital Santa Maria – Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal

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Joaquim Soares do Brito Orthopaedics Department, University Hospital Santa Maria – Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal

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patients with staged surgery (posterior and anterior-open synovectomy), Jabalameli et al reported that the KSS score improved significantly post-operatively with no complications regarding knee instability. 14 Aurégan et al also reported a significant

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Juan Carlos Monllau Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
ICATKnee, Institut Catalá de Traumatologia i Medicina de l’Esport (ICATME), Hospital Universitari Dexeus, UAB, Barcelona, Spain

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Simone Perelli Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
ICATKnee, Institut Catalá de Traumatologia i Medicina de l’Esport (ICATME), Hospital Universitari Dexeus, UAB, Barcelona, Spain

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Giuseppe Gianluca Costa Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Ospedale Umberto I, Enna, Italy

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. Historically, a failed ACL reconstruction was defined by the presence of abnormal anteroposterior or rotatory knee instability ( 6 ). However, a recent meta-analysis reported 34% of patients undergoing ACL reconstruction had a positive Lachman test and 24% of

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