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Thomas J. Holme St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Marta Karbowiak St George’s, University of London, London, UK

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Magnus Arnander St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
St George’s, University of London, London, UK

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Yael Gelfer St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
St George’s, University of London, London, UK

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being treated non-operatively. 3 – 5 Those being treated operatively are typically treated with either tension band techniques, or plate fixation. 5 Surgical indications in paediatric patients, however, are less clear, and often confusion

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Manuel Saavedra Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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María Jesús Tuca Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad, Santiago, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland

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in the body and posterior horn of the meniscus. They were designed to reduce surgical time and avoid external approaches, yet are not always available due to their higher cost. Moreover, the all-inside suturing technique can be technically challenging

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Valeria Pintar St George’s Hospital, London, UK

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Charlotte Brookes St George’s Hospital, London, UK

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Alex Trompeter St George’s Hospital, London, UK
St George’s University of London, UK

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Anna Bridgens St George’s Hospital, London, UK

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Caroline Hing St George’s Hospital, London, UK
St George’s University of London, UK

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Yael Gelfer St George’s Hospital, London, UK
St George’s University of London, UK

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secondary to operative technique, especially inadequate femoral shortening. Yalcinkaya et al. investigated the surgical management of unstable forearm fractures in 45 children. They attributed one case of radial nerve palsy with wrist drop to the use of

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Marta Salom Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, La Fe University and Polytechnique Hospital, Valencia, Spain

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Inês Balacó Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, Portugal

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-needle biopsy demonstrated a high diagnostic accuracy with lower risks of complications than surgical biopsies, namely in bleeding, neuropraxia, and infection ( 25 ). Nowadays, percutaneous biopsy is the usual technique employed. It can be performed with a

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Hakan Ömeroğlu TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey

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Manuel Cassiano Neves CUF Descobertas Hospital, Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Lisbon, Portugal

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seen that forearm fractures had a significant impact on the increase in the overall rate of operative treatment in children’s fractures ( Table 1 ). In addition, the introduction of minimally invasive techniques to daily practice seemed to contribute to

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland

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Cecilia Téllez Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Víctor Villablanca Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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) Radiographic images of the right knee of a 2-year-old girl with this type of fracture. Treatment Conservative and surgical management are valid alternatives for the treatment of these fractures. Choosing between both alternatives depends on

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Djandan Tadum Arthur Vithran Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Xu Liu Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

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Miao He Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

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Anko Elijah Essien Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

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Michael Opoku Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

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Yusheng Li Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

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Ming-Qing Li Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

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the lower extremities ( 8 ). Slight limb length differences or asymmetrical foot size may result from neuromuscular lesions. A posteromedial incision may indicate previous surgical treatment of the malformation. There is a history of reduction and

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Ignacio Rodriguez Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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María Jesús Tuca Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad, Santiago, Chile

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of injury should be investigated using additional techniques, such as MRI and mini-arthrotomy in order to manage the injury effectively. The incidence of compartment syndrome is low, but can be devastating if not detected and treated properly. The

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Gyula Domos Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Szilárd Váncsa Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Csenge Szeverényi Department of Orthopaedics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Gergely Agócs Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Péter Hegyi Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Anna Perge Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Krisztina Békési Klinik Chirurgie, Spital Bülach, Bülach, Switzerland

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Csaba Varga Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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György Szőke Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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patient group (e.g. male patients, irreducible dislocations). We also excluded studies in which the closed reduction was performed by arthroscopy, or without general anesthesia/sedation (including techniques by gradual traction and spontaneous or manual

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