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Nicola Ratto University of Torino, Italy

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Chiara Arrigoni University of Torino, Italy

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Federica Rosso AO Mauriziano Umberto I, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Torino, Italy

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Matteo Bruzzone AO Mauriziano Umberto I, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Torino, Italy

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Federico Dettoni AO Mauriziano Umberto I, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Torino, Italy

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Davide Edoardo Bonasia AO Mauriziano Umberto I, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Torino, Italy

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Roberto Rossi AO Mauriziano Umberto I, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Torino, Italy

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for development of surgical site infection or peri-prosthetic joint infection after elective total joint arthroplasty, according to The International Consensus on Periprosthetic Joint Infection 7 Comorbidities Poorly controlled

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Xinhuan Lei Department of Orthopedic, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Jie Xiang Department of Orthopedic, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Hailan Yang Department of Ultrasound, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Hongya Bao Department of Orthopedic, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Zhong Zhu Department of Orthopedic, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Hua Luo Department of Orthopedic, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is a rare and serious complication of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) that can cause a poor prognosis, reduce these patients’ quality of life, and significantly increase the financial burden. Therefore

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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outpatient TKA than inpatient TKA, including component failure, surgical site infection, knee stiffness and deep vein thrombosis. 14 According to Gogineni et al, outpatient total hip arthroplasty (THA) and TKA in a well-selected patient is feasible in

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Richard Peter Almeida Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Lipalo Mokete Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Nkhodiseni Sikhauli Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Allan Roy Sekeitto Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Jurek Pietrzak Arthroplasty Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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surgical site infection. 22 Bacteria growth within a wound bed affects the various stages of wound healing, and can alter haemostasis, needed in the initial stage of wound healing. 9 Whether PWD is a cause or consequence of infection is debatable as it

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Ismail Remzi Tözün Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Sarıyer/Istanbul, Turkey

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Vahit Emre Ozden Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Sarıyer/Istanbul, Turkey

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Goksel Dikmen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Sarıyer/Istanbul, Turkey

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Kayahan Karaytuğ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Sarıyer/Istanbul, Turkey

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periarticular tissues. 32 , 33 The literature shows that about nine litres of irrigation solution should be used during debridement. 34 This volume may be increased depending on the size of the surgical site and the severity of the infection. The

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Chengxin Xie Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Wenjun Pan Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Shouli Wang Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xueli Yan Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Hua Luo Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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histologic findings from joint tissue ( 4 ). Infection can lead to prosthesis loosening, bone defects and even life-threatening conditions in severe cases ( 5 ). With advances in surgical techniques and improvements in surgical conditions, PJI currently

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Hee-Nee Pang Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore and Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada

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Hamid Rahmatullah Bin Abd Razak Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore

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Stephen Petis Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada

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Douglas D. R. Naudie Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada

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Steven J. MacDonald Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada

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replacement . BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013 ; 14 : 222 . 24 Leone JM , Hanssen AD . Management of infection at the site of a total knee arthroplasty . J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2005 ; 87-A : 2335 - 2348 . 25 Tsukayama

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Elena Gálvez-Sirvent Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “Infanta Elena” University Hospital, Valdemoro, Madrid, Spain
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain

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Aitor Ibarzábal-Gil Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “La Paz” University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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E Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “La Paz” University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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. Clinical resolution of infection occurred after an average of 3.3 additional procedures ( 55 ). In 2000 patients treated with ORIF by henkelman et al. in 2020, the rate of surgical site infection was 4.7% (93/2000) ( 56 ). In 2022, the rate of deep

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Salvi Prat-Fabregat Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain

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Pilar Camacho-Carrasco Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain

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flexion-extension forces, and tightened in slight traction to reduce the fracture fragments. Analysis of the infection risk of the fracture fixation site after pin site-plate overlap shows controversial results. Even though one recent paper concludes

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Francesco Benazzo Department of Clinical-Surgical Sciences, Diagnostics and Pediatrics, University of Pavia, Italy

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Stefano M.P. Rossi Department of Clinical-Surgical Sciences, Diagnostics and Pediatrics, University of Pavia, Italy

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Alberto Combi Department of Clinical-Surgical Sciences, Diagnostics and Pediatrics, University of Pavia, Italy

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Sanjay Meena SICOT Fellow at Department of Clinical-Surgical Sciences, Diagnostics and Pediatrics, University of Pavia, Italy

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Matteo Ghiara Department of Clinical-Surgical Sciences, Diagnostics and Pediatrics, University of Pavia, Italy

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, latent infection and soft tissue envelope compromise. 2 Trauma can cause acute cartilage damage with necrosis of cartilage cells 3 and chronic damage following alteration of the normal limb axis. Another cause of articular degeneration can be a

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