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Carlos A. Encinas-Ullán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘La Paz’ University Hospital-IdiPaz, Spain

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘La Paz’ University Hospital-IdiPaz, Spain

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, even for individuals with high physical demands. However, surgical treatment is necessary in cases of severe medial or multi-ligament injury to prevent chronic instability and posttraumatic arthritis. Epidemiology MCL is the most common knee

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Michele Boffano CTO Hospital Turin, Italy

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Stefano Mortera CTO Hospital Turin, Italy

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Hazem Wafa Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK

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Raimondo Piana CTO Hospital Turin, Italy

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approach to type III lesions is currently under debate. In addition, despite the availability of a large number of techniques, the best surgical management of AC joint lesions has still to be defined. The authors’ final suggestion is to surgically treat

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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Hortensia De la Corte-Rodríguez Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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Carlos A. Encinas-Ullán Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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Primitivo Gómez-Cardero Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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post injury; and early mobilization of the knee after MLKI surgery results in less loss of joint mobility. 2 The timing of surgical reconstruction of MLKIs should be individualized. The approach should take into consideration which ligaments are

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Fahima A. Begum Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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Babar Kayani Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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Justin S. Chang Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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Rosamond J. Tansey Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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Fares S. Haddad Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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injuries, pooled outcomes for low- and high-grade injuries, mixed varying preoperative imaging modalities, and undertaken operative intervention with heterogeneity in the surgical techniques and postoperative rehabilitation protocols. 4 , 6 – 11

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Francisco Figueroa Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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David Figueroa Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile

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Rafael Calvo Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile

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Alex Vaisman Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile

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João Espregueira-Mendes Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal
Dom Henrique Research Centre, Portugal
3Bs Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
ICVS/3Bs–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Braga, Portugal

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non-surgical treatment of isolated MCL injuries 5 have led many surgeons to advocate non-surgical treatment for the MCL in combined ACL and MCL injuries, with early (and therefore protected) or delayed ACL reconstruction (after the MCL has healed

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Jimmy Wui Guan Ng Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Calow, Chesterfield, UK

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Yulanda Myint Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Calow, Chesterfield, UK

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Fazal M. Ali Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Calow, Chesterfield, UK

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-operatively. 4 , 5 However, the optimal surgical treatment for these injuries is not known, with differences in opinion amongst treating clinicians. There are controversies in the timing of surgery (early versus delayed), single-staged or two-staged procedures

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Riccardo D’Ambrosi IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Katia Corona Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy

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Germano Guerra Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy

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Simone Cerciello Department of Orthopaedics, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
Casa di Cura Villa Betania, Rome, Italy
Marrelli Hospital, Crotone, Italy

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Chiara Ursino IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy

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Nicola Ursino IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Michael Hantes Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece

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pivoting sports. 6 This narrative review aims to demonstrate that the POL is the predominant structure in the posteromedial corner of the knee joint (PMC) and that surgical reconstruction should be considered the gold standard treatment in case of

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Vicente Carlos da Silva Campos Hospital Curry Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal

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Francisco Guerra Pinto Hospital Ortopédico de Sant’Ana, Hospital Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Universidad de Barcelona, Nova Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal

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Diogo Constantino Hospital Curry Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal

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Renato Andrade Clínica Do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal
Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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João Espregueira-Mendes Clínica Do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal
Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
School of Medicine, Minho University, Braga, Portugal

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Introduction Arthroscopy of the knee is among the most common surgical procedures performed by orthopaedic surgeons. 1 Basic knee arthroscopy includes proper visualization of the eight regions the knee. 2 However, accessing the

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Ali-Asgar Najefi Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, UK

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Luckshmana Jeyaseelan Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, UK

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Matthew Welck Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, UK

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have 50° to 60° of painless passive dorsiflexion before running or explosive activities are attempted. 30 It may take up to six months for complete resolution of symptoms. Surgical treatment Fewer than 2% of turf toe injuries require

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Mahmut Nedim Doral Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Sports Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Onur Bilge Konya N.E. University, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Sports Medicine, Konya, Turkey

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Gazi Huri Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey

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Egemen Turhan Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey

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René Verdonk Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, De Pintelaan, Ghent, Belgium

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-articular injections, etc.) rather than surgical methods should be tried for at least three to six months, if the mechanical symptoms do not dominate the clinical picture. 27 - 29 If the patient’s symptoms persist thereafter, the surgical alternatives, which are

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