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, even for individuals with high physical demands. However, surgical treatment is necessary in cases of severe medial or multi-ligament injury to prevent chronic instability and posttraumatic arthritis. Epidemiology MCL is the most common knee
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approach to type III lesions is currently under debate. In addition, despite the availability of a large number of techniques, the best surgical management of AC joint lesions has still to be defined. The authors’ final suggestion is to surgically treat
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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post injury; and early mobilization of the knee after MLKI surgery results in less loss of joint mobility. 2 The timing of surgical reconstruction of MLKIs should be individualized. The approach should take into consideration which ligaments are
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injuries, pooled outcomes for low- and high-grade injuries, mixed varying preoperative imaging modalities, and undertaken operative intervention with heterogeneity in the surgical techniques and postoperative rehabilitation protocols. 4 , 6 – 11
Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
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Dom Henrique Research Centre, Portugal
3Bs Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
ICVS/3Bs–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Braga, Portugal
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non-surgical treatment of isolated MCL injuries 5 have led many surgeons to advocate non-surgical treatment for the MCL in combined ACL and MCL injuries, with early (and therefore protected) or delayed ACL reconstruction (after the MCL has healed
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-operatively. 4 , 5 However, the optimal surgical treatment for these injuries is not known, with differences in opinion amongst treating clinicians. There are controversies in the timing of surgery (early versus delayed), single-staged or two-staged procedures
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Casa di Cura Villa Betania, Rome, Italy
Marrelli Hospital, Crotone, Italy
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pivoting sports. 6 This narrative review aims to demonstrate that the POL is the predominant structure in the posteromedial corner of the knee joint (PMC) and that surgical reconstruction should be considered the gold standard treatment in case of
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Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
School of Medicine, Minho University, Braga, Portugal
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Introduction Arthroscopy of the knee is among the most common surgical procedures performed by orthopaedic surgeons. 1 Basic knee arthroscopy includes proper visualization of the eight regions the knee. 2 However, accessing the
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have 50° to 60° of painless passive dorsiflexion before running or explosive activities are attempted. 30 It may take up to six months for complete resolution of symptoms. Surgical treatment Fewer than 2% of turf toe injuries require
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-articular injections, etc.) rather than surgical methods should be tried for at least three to six months, if the mechanical symptoms do not dominate the clinical picture. 27 - 29 If the patient’s symptoms persist thereafter, the surgical alternatives, which are