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Lars Adolfsson Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Linköping, Sweden

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the close relationship of the muscles, working as secondary stabilizers, makes the elbow susceptible to contracture and stiffness following a trauma, be it accidental or surgical. Loss of elbow movement may also ensue after, for example, neurological

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Mark F Siemensma Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Anna E van der Windt Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Eline M van Es Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Joost W Colaris Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Denise Eygendaal Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Introduction Elbow stiffness can be a debilitating condition that significantly impacts a patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living ( 1 , 2 ). The elbow joint is particularly susceptible to stiffness due to its highly congruent

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Huub H. de Klerk Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Chantal L. Welsink Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anne J. Spaans Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen/Boxmeer, The Netherlands

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Lukas P. E. Verweij Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences (AMS), Academic Center for Evidence-Based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Michel P. J. van den Bekerom Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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, stiffness, and a limitation in the range of motion (ROM). 3 According to the literature, the elbow joint is more affected by OA in men who perform strenuous manual work. 1 , 2 Essential parts of non-operative treatment are rest, anti

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Izaäk F. Kodde Orthopedic Center Antwerp, AZ Monica Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Jetske Viveen Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Upper Limb Unit, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands

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Bertram The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Upper Limb Unit, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands

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Roger P. van Riet Orthopedic Center Antwerp, AZ Monica Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium

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Denise Eygendaal Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Upper Limb Unit, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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a prolonged period of immobilization before or after surgery or malalignment may both result in elbow stiffness. A history of progressive pain of the wrist may suggest an injury of the interosseous membrane (IOM) (i.e. Essex-Lopresti lesion

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Jetske Viveen Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre and University, Adelaide, Australia
Upper Limb Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands

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Izaak F. Kodde Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Andras Heijink Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

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Koen L. M. Koenraadt Foundation for Orthopedic Research, Care & Education, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands

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Michel P. J. van den Bekerom Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Denise Eygendaal Upper Limb Unit, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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< 0.01). A second failure mode was elbow stiffness ( n = 30, 20% of all failures). Intentionally loose-fit prostheses were more frequently revised for elbow stiffness than press-fit prostheses (20/53 loose-fit prostheses versus 3/47 press

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Roberto Padua Orthopedics Working Group on Evidence Based Medicine, GLOBE, Rome, Italy
San Feliciano Group (Villa Aurora), Rome, Italy

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Laura de Girolamo Orthopaedics Biotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy

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Alberto Grassi IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Davide Cucchi Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany

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during the identification phase. Technical notes, systematic reviews and meta-analyses were excluded from the analysis. Likewise, studies investigating pathologies of the elbow, wrist or hand, clavicle and acromioclavicular joint were excluded from the

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Daniel Bachman University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA

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Akin Cil University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA

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over replacement. TEA is indicted in older patients with low functional demands that are unable to perform activities of daily living due to pain and stiffness at the elbow. The first total elbow procedures reported were performed in rheumatoid

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Frédéric Vauclair Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Patrick Goetti Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Ngoc Tram V. Nguyen Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Joaquin Sanchez-Sotelo Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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removed, any elbow joint contractures should be released. Failure to address stiffness in distal humerus nonunion increases the chances of a poor outcome: postoperative motion exercises will lead to excessive stress at the supracondylar nonunion region

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Pieter Caekebeke Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, Genk, Belgium

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Joris Duerinckx Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, Genk, Belgium

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Roger van Riet AZ Monica, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Antwerp, Belgium
University Hospital Antwerp, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Edegem, Belgium

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a supination moment of the forearm. The tendon of the short head inserts more distal on the radial tuberosity giving it a greater elbow flexion moment. 3 The radial tuberosity has a protuberance just anterior to the distal biceps insertion which

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Anna E van der Windt Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Lisette C Langenberg Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Joost W Colaris Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Denise Eygendaal Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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reoperations are reported to occur within the first year of surgery and are related to persistent instability or stiffness of the elbow, rather than implant failure ( 35 ). Functional outcomes following RHA are good to excellent at long-term follow-up (minimum

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