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Fahima A. Begum Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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Babar Kayani Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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Justin S. Chang Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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Rosamond J. Tansey Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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Fares S. Haddad Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, UK.

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avulsion injuries, discusses the clinical features of an avulsion-type injury, and identifies intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for these injuries. This review also revisits the various imaging modalities for diagnosing proximal rectus femoris avulsion

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Xiaofeng Deng Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Haoran Xu Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Xiaoxia Hao Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Jiawei Liu Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Xingru Shang Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Tao Xu Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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incidence of OA is 2–6%, while more than one-third of cases occur in people over 65 years of age ( 3 ). Owing to increased risk factors, such as the aging population, physical inactivity, and obesity, the incidence and early onset of OA are constantly rising

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Yusuf Omar Qalib Department of Orthopaedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
These authors contributed equally to this work

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Yicun Tang Department of Orthopaedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
These authors contributed equally to this work

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Dawei Wang Department of Orthopaedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China

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Baizhou Xing Department of Orthopaedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China

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Xingming Xu Department of Orthopaedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China

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Huading Lu Department of Orthopaedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China

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treatments of MRL exist, but the most definite and frequently applied is lesion repair. 19 Fig. 1 Ramp lesion of the medial meniscus and its features. Risk factors A large multivariate analysis established the following risk factors

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Francisco Figueroa Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile

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David Figueroa Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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Rafael Calvo Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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Alex Vaisman Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile

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João Espregueira-Mendes Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Portugal; Dom Henrique Research Centre, Portugal; 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Portugal; ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal; Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal

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studies means it is not feasible to recommend Vancomycin presoaking of the graft universally for every ACL reconstruction patient. Considering this information, the authors recommend presoaking grafts in Vancomycin for patients with known risk factors for

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Joanna Baawa-Ameyaw Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Ricci Plastow Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Fahima Aarah Begum Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Babar Kayani Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Hyder Jeddy Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Fares Haddad Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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improve graft survival and therefore is a reasonable choice in this patient group. 27 Kaeding et al, in a multicentre, prospective longitudinal cohort study (The MOON cohort) ( n = 2,683), reported on risk factors for ACL failure following primary

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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Hortensia De la Corte-Rodríguez Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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Carlos A. Encinas-Ullán Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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Primitivo Gómez-Cardero Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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continuous communication between the surgeon, patient, and rehabilitation physician. The main factors contributing to the risk of graft failure in the early postoperative period are the use of allografts, hyperextension, varus or valgus loads, and rotational

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Francisco Figueroa Knee Unit, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Chile; Knee Unit, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile

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David Figueroa Knee Unit, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile

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João Espregueira-Mendes Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Portugal; Dom Henrique Research Centre, Portugal; 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Portugal; ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal; Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal

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, when the graft size was 7.5 mm to 8 mm, 9 of 139 patients (6.5%) required a revision ACL surgery, respectively, compared with 8 of 59 patients (13.6%) with grafts of ⩽ 7 mm in diameter. They also evaluated age as a potential risk factor for revision

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Louis Dagneaux Lapeyronie University Hospital of Montpellier, France

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Julien Bourlez Lapeyronie University Hospital of Montpellier, France

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Benjamin Degeorge Lapeyronie University Hospital of Montpellier, France

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François Canovas Lapeyronie University Hospital of Montpellier, France

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performance rate. Conversely, patients with no preoperative physical activities will not likely be able to start practising sport. 7 , 19 , 37 Body weight Being overweight and obesity are known risk factors associated with poor results in terms of

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Nikolaos K. Paschos University of California, Davis, USA

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Stephen M. Howell University of California, Davis, USA

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commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. References 1 Griffin LY , Agel J , Albohm MJ , et al. . Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: risk factors and prevention

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Mukai Chimutengwende-Gordon Joint Reconstruction Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust, Stanmore, UK

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James Donaldson Joint Reconstruction Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust, Stanmore, UK

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George Bentley Joint Reconstruction Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust, Stanmore, UK

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microfracture due to the theoretical risk of thermal necrosis, although it has been demonstrated in an animal model that subchondral drilling does not lead to greater osteocyte death due to thermal necrosis than microfracture. 18 Choi and Lee compared

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