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Andrea Angelini Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology and Oncological Orthopedics, University of Padova, Italy

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Ivan Bohacek Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata, Zagreb, Croatia

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Mihovil Plecko Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata, Zagreb, Croatia

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Carlo Biz Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology and Oncological Orthopedics, University of Padova, Italy

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Giulia Trovarelli Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology and Oncological Orthopedics, University of Padova, Italy

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Mariachiara Cerchiaro Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology and Oncological Orthopedics, University of Padova, Italy

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Giuseppe Di Rubbo Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology and Oncological Orthopedics, University of Padova, Italy

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Pietro Ruggieri Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology and Oncological Orthopedics, University of Padova, Italy

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instability, valgus deformity, and degenerative changes ( 5 , 15 , 16 , 17 ). Resection of the distal fibula without reconstruction can result in functional deficits in the ankle joint, as the fibula plays an important role in ankle stability and movement

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Catalin Cirstoiu Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Bogdan Cretu Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Bogdan Serban Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Zsombor Panti Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Mihai Nica Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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reconstruction using bone grafts or endoprostheses, the limiting factor for favourable and sustainable results was local tumour recurrence. Everything changed when chemotherapy (neoadjuvant or adjuvant) and radiation therapy were instituted in the treatment

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Elisa Pala Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Giulia Trovarelli Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Andrea Angelini Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Maria Chiara Cerchiaro Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Pietro Ruggieri Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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% complete healing for all sclerotherapy and embolization treatments; they also found a 3.4% recurrence rate. However, they found high heterogeneity and much variation in the results between the studies analyzed. Surgery Open surgery with curettage

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Daniel Kotrych Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Orthopedic Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland

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Andrea Angelini Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Italy

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Andrzej Bohatyrewicz Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Orthopedic Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland

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Pietro Ruggieri Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Italy

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surgical techniques allows demanding reconstructions ( 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ). With the use of CAS and custom 3D-printed reconstructions, satisfactory results in terms of functional and oncological outcomes have been also reported in recent series of

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Serkan Bayram Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Ahmet Salduz Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Ahmet Müçteba Yıldırım Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Korhan Özkan Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Levent Eralp Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Retired Professor of Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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Harzem Özger Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Retired Professor of Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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reports, unpublished studies, animal experimental studies, articles posted on preprint servers, studies evaluating PMMA treatment results in regions other than the knee, those evaluating bone grafting for the treatment of benign aggressive bone tumor

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Antal Imre Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Sápi Zoltán Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest

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Szendrői Miklós Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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interacts with RANK and this RANK/RANKL signalling pathway is responsible for promoting multinuclear osteoclast formation, cell survival and activity, resulting in bone resorption ( 13 ). Mitotic activity in GCTB may vary from a few to as high as 20 per 10

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Maria A. Smolle Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Austria

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Dimosthenis Andreou Department of General Orthopaedics and Tumour Orthopaedics, University Hospital Muenster, Germany

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Per-Ulf Tunn Tumour Orthopaedics, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Germany

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Andreas Leithner Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Austria

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possible in many cases, leading to a steady decrease in the rate of amputations. 1 , 2 Long-term results of tumour endoprostheses are important to evaluate functional outcome for patients, possible complications and implant survival. The main

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Joaquim Soares do Brito Orthopedics Department, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal

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André Spranger Orthopedics Department, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal

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Paulo Almeida Orthopedics Department, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal

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José Portela Orthopedics Department, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal

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Irene Barrientos-Ruiz Orthopedics Department, University Hospital of La Paz, Madrid

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. Comparison: to compare the functional and oncological results obtained after surgical treatment of distal femur and/or proximal tibia GCTs. Outcomes: local recurrence of the disease; ROM; infection; need for surgical revision; metastatic disease

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Maria Anna Smolle Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Joanna Szkandera Division of Clinical Oncology, Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Dimosthenis Andreou Division of Orthopaedic Oncology and Sarcoma Surgery, Helios Klinikum Bad Saarow, Sarcoma Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, Germany

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Emanuela Palmerini Chemotherapy Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy

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Marko Bergovec Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Andreas Leithner Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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flow chart. Results From the initial 839 articles, 274 duplicates were removed. Thereafter, 23 articles were added following cross-reference checking, resulting in 588 articles being screened. Of these, 447 articles not meeting the

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Irina-Anca Eremia Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania

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Bogdan Serban Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Mihnea Popa Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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Adela Iancu Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

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Silvia Nica Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania

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Catalin Cirstoiu Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Romania

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( 27 ). RCC predominantly stimulates osteoclast activation, resulting in bone resorption and weakening, unlike other cancers that may cause mixed or osteoblastic skeletal metastases. The process is intricately connected to the interaction between tumor

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