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instability, valgus deformity, and degenerative changes ( 5 , 15 , 16 , 17 ). Resection of the distal fibula without reconstruction can result in functional deficits in the ankle joint, as the fibula plays an important role in ankle stability and movement
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reconstruction using bone grafts or endoprostheses, the limiting factor for favourable and sustainable results was local tumour recurrence. Everything changed when chemotherapy (neoadjuvant or adjuvant) and radiation therapy were instituted in the treatment
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% complete healing for all sclerotherapy and embolization treatments; they also found a 3.4% recurrence rate. However, they found high heterogeneity and much variation in the results between the studies analyzed. Surgery Open surgery with curettage
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surgical techniques allows demanding reconstructions ( 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ). With the use of CAS and custom 3D-printed reconstructions, satisfactory results in terms of functional and oncological outcomes have been also reported in recent series of
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reports, unpublished studies, animal experimental studies, articles posted on preprint servers, studies evaluating PMMA treatment results in regions other than the knee, those evaluating bone grafting for the treatment of benign aggressive bone tumor
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interacts with RANK and this RANK/RANKL signalling pathway is responsible for promoting multinuclear osteoclast formation, cell survival and activity, resulting in bone resorption ( 13 ). Mitotic activity in GCTB may vary from a few to as high as 20 per 10
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possible in many cases, leading to a steady decrease in the rate of amputations. 1 , 2 Long-term results of tumour endoprostheses are important to evaluate functional outcome for patients, possible complications and implant survival. The main
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. Comparison: to compare the functional and oncological results obtained after surgical treatment of distal femur and/or proximal tibia GCTs. Outcomes: local recurrence of the disease; ROM; infection; need for surgical revision; metastatic disease
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flow chart. Results From the initial 839 articles, 274 duplicates were removed. Thereafter, 23 articles were added following cross-reference checking, resulting in 588 articles being screened. Of these, 447 articles not meeting the
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( 27 ). RCC predominantly stimulates osteoclast activation, resulting in bone resorption and weakening, unlike other cancers that may cause mixed or osteoblastic skeletal metastases. The process is intricately connected to the interaction between tumor