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Thomas J. Holme St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Marta Karbowiak St George’s, University of London, London, UK

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Magnus Arnander St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
St George’s, University of London, London, UK

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Yael Gelfer St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
St George’s, University of London, London, UK

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Introduction Olecranon fractures account for 4% of all paediatric elbow fractures, and are associated with other ipsilateral elbow injuries up to 20% of the time, which in turn are associated with poorer outcomes. 1 In adults, olecranon

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Gyula Domos Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Szilárd Váncsa Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Csenge Szeverényi Department of Orthopaedics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Gergely Agócs Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Péter Hegyi Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Anna Perge Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Krisztina Békési Klinik Chirurgie, Spital Bülach, Bülach, Switzerland

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Csaba Varga Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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György Szőke Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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reduction, redislocation, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and residual dysplasia are the main reasons for secondary surgery and poor long-term outcomes. The treatment of hip dislocation is based on the principle of a step-by-step approach ( Fig. 1

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Valeria Pintar St George’s Hospital, London, UK

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Charlotte Brookes St George’s Hospital, London, UK

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Alex Trompeter St George’s Hospital, London, UK
St George’s University of London, UK

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Anna Bridgens St George’s Hospital, London, UK

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Caroline Hing St George’s Hospital, London, UK
St George’s University of London, UK

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Yael Gelfer St George’s Hospital, London, UK
St George’s University of London, UK

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, blood vessels, nerves, and skin ( 2 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ). Tourniquet use has also been associated with increased post-operative pain ( 16 , 17 , 18 ), longer length of hospital stay ( 16 , 19 ), increased risk of wound infection and wound

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Manuel Saavedra Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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María Jesús Tuca Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad, Santiago, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland

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mentioned above, none has proven to yield superior outcomes, thus the decision is mainly based on the location of the tear, costs, availability and the surgeon’s preference. For tears or detachments limited to the anterior portion of the meniscus, the

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Djandan Tadum Arthur Vithran Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Xu Liu Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

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Miao He Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

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Anko Elijah Essien Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

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Michael Opoku Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

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Yusheng Li Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

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Ming-Qing Li Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

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radiographs is very important for evaluating cavovarus foot deformity ( Fig. 3 ). The standard anteroposterior and lateral weight-bearing radiographs taken before and after surgery are an essential imaging basis for observing the postoperative efficacy of

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland

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Cecilia Téllez Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Víctor Villablanca Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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malunion, delayed union, refracture, and infection ( 28 ). Figure 14 (A) Radiographic images of the knee of a 10-year-old boy, with a pathologic bone distal femoral fracture (non-osteogenic fibroma). (B) One-week postoperative radiographic image

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Ignacio Rodriguez Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

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Matías Sepúlveda Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
AO Foundation, PAEG Expert Group, Davos, Switzerland
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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Estefanía Birrer Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile

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María Jesús Tuca Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad, Santiago, Chile

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syndrome occurs in 17–20% of cases. 14 , 16 In contrast, in their systematic review, Pretell-Mazzini et al described an incidence of up to 4% preoperatively and 0% postoperatively, without association with fracture pattern. 12 However, some

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