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without a RH prosthesis; although the RH implant was the most important component in restoring longitudinal stability, the addition of a reconstruction procedure decreased the distal ulnar forces to normal levels. 26 The use of synthetic ligaments

. Three-dimensional reconstruction based on CT can serve as a supplement to the visualization of the deformities in the elbow and forearm ( 3 , 21 , 55 , 62 ). MRI has been used to assess the severity of the injury of the annular ligament and to exclude

late, then the distal nerve transfer can be utilised. The suggested algorithm should be employed to guide the treating orthopaedic surgeon at the time of ligament reconstruction. Conflict of Interest None declared. Funding No benefits

ligament reconstructions should be performed last. 39 , 40 Fig. 7 (a) and (b) Monteggia-like lesion (type IID); (c) CT scans illustrate the radial neck fracture, the comminution of the coronoid base and the additional coronoid tip fragment as well

can be considered as a ‘ring’ in which bones and ligaments contribute to the overall stability. If this ‘ring’ is broken at one site only, it remains stable, but if it is broken at two or more sites, it becomes unstable. The ankle is also divided into

Fraser et al reported an incidence of 7% (16 of 222 patients). 3 On the treatment of knee ligament injuries, opinions differ widely, but the less favourable results associated with late reconstruction of damaged knee ligaments are generally

plate after reduction of the fracture and (d) postoperative result. For wound closure, after placement of drains, a careful reconstruction of the inguinal canal is mandatory. Therefore, the conjoint tendon is reattached to the inguinal ligament

joints of the forearm, resulting in a complex of lesions that probably starts with a transverse rupture of the central band of the IOM ( 3 ). While the IOM is a group of multiple ligaments including the accessory band, distal oblique bundle, proximal

immediate full weight-bearing. Any fracture involving the collateral ligament insertions should be very carefully evaluated as reconstruction might require the use of a rotating-hinge implant ( Figs 5 and 6 ). In cases with severe metaphyseal destruction

). 12 Fig. 1 Type I residual instability of anterior rotational predominance: a) preoperative pelvic anteroposterior radiograph; b) axial CT scan; c) 3D reconstruction; d) and e) dynamic stability test under fluoroscopy showing pelvic instability