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Introduction Athletes who wish to resume high-level activities after an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are often advised to undergo surgical reconstruction. 1 , 2 Patients’ general expectations after ACL reconstruction

as to describe the complication of knee subluxation/dislocation during limb lengthening. Moreover, we discuss whether or when ligament reconstruction prior to the lengthening would be necessary to reduce the risk of subluxation/dislocation of the knee

recently attention has been directed at treating coronal malalignment and associated knee instabilities with HTO with and without ligament reconstruction. Further, there has been more interest shown in sagittal plane deformity of the proximal tibia. In

tears, but it is not completely restored to normality independently of the single-bundle technique used. Fig. 4 The two main surgical techniques for reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). a) Trans-tibial tunnel technique. b

elevates the sagging fragment without requiring the figure-of-four position ( 31 ) ( Fig. 5E and F ). Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Arthroscopic PCL reconstruction can be performed with or without posterior portals, both of which are

Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are one of the most commonly sustained knee injuries, with an estimated incidence of 200 000 per year only in the USA ( 1 , 2 ). In young, active patients, ACL reconstruction (ACL-R) is the

when the capsule and ligament constraints have failed completely 5 or when massive bone defects are present. 6 It is uncertain whether the evolution in bone loss reconstruction 7 , 8 and bone fixation methods, or the introduction of

anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction . Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2016 ; 102 : 857 - 861 . 19 Pujol N , Lorbach O . Meniscal repair: Results . In: Hulet C , Pereira H , Peretti G , Denti M

proposed to explain the pathophysiology of Charcot neuroarthropathy (CNA), and three phases of disease including fragmentation, coalescence, and reconstruction phase have been described. 4 However, several investigators believe that CNA is an end

the damaged bone and the implant. They add stability and stiffness to the construct, protect bone defect reconstruction and, if canal filling, they help re-instate joint alignment and component position. The evaluation of ligament competence