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position of instruments and implants in relation to the bone and the ability for evaluating the reconstruction of joint surfaces and bony alignment, the rapid evolution of minimally invasive surgery would not have been possible 1 , 2 . Examples include
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acceleration and deceleration (whiplash mechanism) is likely to cause a subaxial facet joint subluxation along with a disruption of the posterior tension band. 11 Hyperextension or hyperflexion of the upper cervical spine might create an axis ‘ring
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Introduction Fractures of the femoral head are severe, but uncommon, injuries of the proximal femur, which typically occur after posterior dislocation of the hip joint. 1 – 3 In 1869, Birkett was the first to discover and document femoral
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weight-bearing surface of the ankle joint which usually results from an axially directed force. 3 Mechanisms of injury, epidemiology and concomitant injuries Distal tibial fractures are usually caused by two possible types of forces: rotational
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fibrocartilage with strong ligaments fixing the two iliac bones. Although both the anterior (symphysis pubis) and posterior part (sacroiliac joint) preservation and alienation of the pelvis ring are equally important for adequate sitting and gait, the
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treatment of 15 patients with a nonunion of the distal humerus. Revision surgery, joint contracture release and bone grafting led to a successful outcome with an average arc of ulnohumeral motion of 95 degrees, while most of the patients reported only mild
School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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impulses. Axonotmesis is a more severe form of nerve injury with damage to the axons themselves and accompanying distal Wallerian degeneration, but maintaining preservation of Schwann cells and an intact endoneural nerve structure. The most severe form of
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’ tolerance of malunion at the completion of healing. Clinicians who advocate surgical intervention to restore the shape of the proximal humerus, with the intention of restoration of the centre of rotation of the glenohumeral joint for optimal deltoid function
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to the joint and the distal tether, which results in a more severe traction injury and hampers the regenerating axon progression ( Fig. 1 ). 28 , 29 Fig. 1 Traumatic knee dislocation with complete CPN palsy. CPN, common peroneal nerve; EMG
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Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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duration of surgery, preservation of the soft tissues, better aesthetic result, and earlier exercise of the affected shoulder ( 18 , 19 ). However, the pitfalls are the risk of damage to the blood supply of the deltoid, and the improper visualization of