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Holger Keil BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Germany

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Nils Beisemann BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Germany

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Benedict Swartman BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Germany

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Sven Yves Vetter BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Germany

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Paul Alfred Grützner BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Germany

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Jochen Franke BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Germany

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position of instruments and implants in relation to the bone and the ability for evaluating the reconstruction of joint surfaces and bony alignment, the rapid evolution of minimally invasive surgery would not have been possible 1 , 2 . Examples include

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Philipp Schleicher Zentrum für Wirbelsäulenchirurgie und Neurotraumatologie, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main, Germany

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Andreas Pingel Zentrum für Wirbelsäulenchirurgie und Neurotraumatologie, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main, Germany

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Frank Kandziora Zentrum für Wirbelsäulenchirurgie und Neurotraumatologie, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main, Germany

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acceleration and deceleration (whiplash mechanism) is likely to cause a subaxial facet joint subluxation along with a disruption of the posterior tension band. 11 Hyperextension or hyperflexion of the upper cervical spine might create an axis ‘ring

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Maximilian M. Menger Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Germany

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Benedikt J. Braun Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Germany

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Steven C. Herath Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Germany

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Markus A. Küper Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Germany

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Mika F. Rollmann Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Germany

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Tina Histing Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Germany

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Introduction Fractures of the femoral head are severe, but uncommon, injuries of the proximal femur, which typically occur after posterior dislocation of the hip joint. 1 – 3 In 1869, Birkett was the first to discover and document femoral

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Alexandre Sitnik Belarus Republic Scientific and Practical Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Kizhevatova str 60-4, 220024 Minsk, Belarus

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Aleksander Beletsky Belarus Republic Scientific and Practical Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Kizhevatova str 60-4, 220024 Minsk, Belarus

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Steven Schelkun Naval Hospital, San Diego, California, USA

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weight-bearing surface of the ankle joint which usually results from an axially directed force. 3 Mechanisms of injury, epidemiology and concomitant injuries Distal tibial fractures are usually caused by two possible types of forces: rotational

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Juan Ramón Cano Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Costa del Sol, University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain

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José Manuel Bogallo Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Costa del Sol, University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain

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Alicia Ramirez Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Costa del Sol, University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain

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Enrique Guerado Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Costa del Sol, University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain

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fibrocartilage with strong ligaments fixing the two iliac bones. Although both the anterior (symphysis pubis) and posterior part (sacroiliac joint) preservation and alienation of the pelvis ring are equally important for adequate sitting and gait, the

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Olga D. Savvidou First Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Frantzeska Zampeli First Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Panagiotis Koutsouradis Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 417 Veterans Hospital (NIMTS), Athens, Greece

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George D. Chloros First Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Aggelos Kaspiris Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Thriasio General Hospital-NHS, Athens, Greece

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Savas Sourmelis First Department of Orthopaedics, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Panayiotis J. Papagelopoulos First Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece

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treatment of 15 patients with a nonunion of the distal humerus. Revision surgery, joint contracture release and bone grafting led to a successful outcome with an average arc of ulnohumeral motion of 95 degrees, while most of the patients reported only mild

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Marko Bumbasirevic Orthopaedic and Traumatology University Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Serbia
School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia

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Tomislav Palibrk Orthopaedic and Traumatology University Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Serbia

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Aleksandar Lesic Orthopaedic and Traumatology University Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Serbia
School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia

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Henry DE Atkinson Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University College, London Medical School, North Middlesex University Hospital, UK

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impulses. Axonotmesis is a more severe form of nerve injury with damage to the axons themselves and accompanying distal Wallerian degeneration, but maintaining preservation of Schwann cells and an intact endoneural nerve structure. The most severe form of

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Simon M. Lambert University College London Hospital, UK

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’ tolerance of malunion at the completion of healing. Clinicians who advocate surgical intervention to restore the shape of the proximal humerus, with the intention of restoration of the centre of rotation of the glenohumeral joint for optimal deltoid function

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Deepak Samson The Centre for Nerve Injury and Paralysis, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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Chye Yew Ng The Upper Limb Unit, Wrightington Hospital, UK

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Dominic Power The Centre for Nerve Injury and Paralysis, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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to the joint and the distal tether, which results in a more severe traction injury and hampers the regenerating axon progression ( Fig. 1 ). 28 , 29 Fig. 1 Traumatic knee dislocation with complete CPN palsy. CPN, common peroneal nerve; EMG

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Lorenzo Massimo Oldrini Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Alessandro Sangiorgio Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Pietro Feltri Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Francesco Marbach Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Giuseppe Filardo Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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Christian Candrian Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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duration of surgery, preservation of the soft tissues, better aesthetic result, and earlier exercise of the affected shoulder ( 18 , 19 ). However, the pitfalls are the risk of damage to the blood supply of the deltoid, and the improper visualization of

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