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, even for individuals with high physical demands. However, surgical treatment is necessary in cases of severe medial or multi-ligament injury to prevent chronic instability and posttraumatic arthritis. Epidemiology MCL is the most common knee
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no clinical instability. Grade II injury: The medial structures are partially torn with some fibres still intact. The pain is more pronounced and there is valgus instability with a firm end-point. Grade III injury: The medial structures
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Casa di Cura Villa Betania, Rome, Italy
Marrelli Hospital, Crotone, Italy
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femur and distally to the tibia and posterior aspect of the joint capsule. 3 The main role of the POL is to control anteromedial rotatory instability (AMRI) and to provide static resistance to the valgus loads when the knee is fully extended
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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, posterolateral drawer * Slocum’s test represents a modification of the anterior drawer test, which tests anteromedial rotary instability (AMRI) and anterolateral rotary instability (ALRI) of the knee. 4 Reconstruction of multiligament knee
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile
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Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile
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Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal
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Introduction Injuries to the posterolateral corner (PLC) of the knee have long been recognized as a component of knee instability, but the incidence was initially presumed to be infrequent. An early large single-centre study of 735 knee
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Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
School of Medicine, Minho University, Braga, Portugal
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techniques. 17 – 22 The most frequent concerns in medial collateral release are the iatrogenic rupture of the MCL, saphenous nerve or vascular injury, residual instability and postoperative pain. 21 The prevalence of this surgical gesture has not
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ligament; PLC, posterolateral corner. The immediate management of these injuries is crucial in identifying and treating any vascular and nerve injury. The literature has shown poor outcome and residual instability in those who were treated non
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swelling and restricted motion. Grade 3 : Complete ligamentous tear. Injuries are of complete disruption to the plantar structures with hallux flexion weakness and instability. This may occur with a dorsal dislocation. There may also be concomitant
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
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the adolescent population. 1 – 4 Patients with ACL injuries may complain of instability on return to sporting activity, and delays in treatment may lead to increased risk of meniscal tears, chondral injuries and early knee arthritis. 1 , 5 – 7
Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
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3Bs Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Portugal; ICVS/3Bs–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal
Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal
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defects, instability or malalignment should be amenable to surgical correction. On the other hand, classical contraindications are: advanced osteoarthritis, obesity, skeletal immaturity, inflammatory arthritis, previous septic arthritis, and synovial
