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Multifactorial aetiology defines non-unions, with a biological and a mechanical distortion of the timeline of bone healing.
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Research on new advances to increase osteogenesis and promote non-union healing is strongly directed towards new forms of cell products.
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Basic science and research on non-union treatments is needed to compile preclinical data on new treatments.
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Bone marrow concentration and expanded mesenchymal stromal cells still require extensive clinical research to confirm efficacy in non-union treatment.
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Solid preclinical studies, precise cell product definition and preparation, and appropriate ethical and regulatory approvals are needed to assess new advanced therapy medicinal products.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:574-583. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190062