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Geovanny Ruiz Ponce Health Sciences University, School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico

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Norberto J Torres-Lugo Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico

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Pablo Marrero-Ortiz Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico

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Humberto Guzmán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico

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Gerardo Olivella Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico

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Norman Ramírez Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayagüez Medical Center, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico

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Introduction Early-onset Scoliosis (EOS) is a term experts adopted to refer to pathologies of the growing spine that manifest and progress in different forms. Historically, its challenging nature has made it difficult to introduce a

Article Type:
Review Article
Category:
Spine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EOR-22-0040
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 8
Open access
Alpaslan Senkoylu Gazi University, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey

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Rolf B. Riise Oslo University Hospital, Orthopaedic Clinic, Oslo, Norway

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Emre Acaroglu Ankara Spine Centre, Ankara, Turkey

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Ilkka Helenius University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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development, a new description was developed. Early onset scoliosis (EOS) now refers to a coronal plain curvature of more than 10 degrees with onset earlier than 10 years of age including all types of aetiologies such as idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular

Article Type:
Review Article
Category:
Spine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.5.190087
Volume/Issue:
Volume 5: Issue 10
Open access
Kashif Ansari Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Manjot Singh Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Jake R McDermott Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
SUNY Downstate Medical School, New York City, New York, USA

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Jerzy A Gregorczyk Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Mariah Balmaceno-Criss Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Mohammad Daher Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Christopher L McDonald Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Bassel G Diebo Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Alan H Daniels Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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female-to-male prevalence ratio ranging from 1.5:1 to 3:1. While de novo scoliosis has a mean age of onset of 70.5 years, AIS often begins in late childhood or adolescence. Although the cause of AIS is unknown, a multitude of genetic and environmental

Article Type:
Review Article
Category:
Spine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EOR-23-0162
Volume/Issue:
Volume 9: Issue 7
Open access
Amer Sebaaly Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Mohammad Daher Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Bendy Salameh Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Ali Ghoul Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

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Samuel George Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

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Sami Roukoz Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

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Bone and Joint Surgery: American Volume 2003 85 399 – 408 . ( https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200303000-00001 ) 63. Motoyama EK Yang CI Deeney VF . Thoracic malformation with early-onset scoliosis: effect of serial VEPTR expansion

Article Type:
Review Article
Category:
Spine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EOR-21-0121
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 5
Open access
Francisca Gámiz-Bermúdez Unidad de Gestión Clínica Adra, Distrito Sanitario Poniente de Almería, Avenida Picasso, Adra, Spain

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Alfonso Javier Ibáñez-Vera Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain

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Esteban Obrero-Gaitán Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain

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Irene Cortés-Pérez Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain

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Noelia Zagalaz-Anula Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain

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Rafael Lomas-Vega Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain

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Introduction Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most prevalent paediatric orthopaedic malformation, affecting 2–3% of adolescents ( 1 ). This three-dimensional spine deformity must be at least 10° in the coronal plane as measured

Article Type:
Systematic Review
Category:
Spine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EOR-23-0094
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 10
Open access
Mirza Biscevic Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Aida Sehic Department of Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, SMS, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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Ferid Krupic Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden

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.) without any unnecessary delay. Early decompression may improve the neurologic outcome for the patient with a new onset of neurologic deficit in the acute postoperative period. Conversely, if no abnormality is identified on computed tomography (CT) or

Article Type:
Review Article
Category:
Spine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.5.180032
Volume/Issue:
Volume 5: Issue 1
Open access
Kaustubh Ahuja Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttarakhand, India

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Syed Ifthekar Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttarakhand, India

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Samarth Mittal Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttarakhand, India

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Gagandeep Yadav Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttarakhand, India

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Bhaskar Sarkar Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttarakhand, India

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Pankaj Kandwal Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttarakhand, India

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complicated with a rapid onset of neurological deficit which is found to have a poor prognosis with respect to neurological recovery. Additionally, mechanical instability is also an important source of severe pain in TB spine and does not resolve with anti

Article Type:
Review Article
Category:
Spine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.6.200113
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 3
Open access
Hua Luo Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Chaojun Shen Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Tongyou Qu Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang China

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Lin Chen Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yue Sun Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yu Ren Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang China

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Introduction Seizures refer to involuntary convulsion or intense contraction of groups of skeletal muscles in the whole body or parts that can be convulsed to cause joint movement and ankylosis ( 1 ). The onset of convulsions may be associated

Article Type:
Review Article
Category:
Spine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EOR-23-0016
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 6
Open access
Hua Luo Department of Orthopedic, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xuelei Zhang Department of Ultrasound, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Chengxin Xie Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Department of Endocrinology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
Department of Orthopedic, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Luxia Wu Department of Orthopedic, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Guoping Cai Department of Orthopedic, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yu Ren Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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intravenous route has certain disadvantages: if the onset of action is not timely, the drug may gather in the surgical and traumatic areas and have a hemostatic effect after a period of time, which may even increase the incidence of venous thrombosis due to

Article Type:
Systematic Review
Category:
Spine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EOR-23-0199
Volume/Issue:
Volume 9: Issue 8
Open access