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– 5 The superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) originates slightly proximal and posterior to the medial epicondyle of the femur and courses distally to attach in 2 tibial sites. The proximal tibial attachment is 1 cm below the joint line and
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Casa di Cura Villa Betania, Rome, Italy
Marrelli Hospital, Crotone, Italy
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et al have described in detail the anatomy of the POL, distinguishing three fascial attachments that course off the distal aspect of the SM tendon, which were previously termed as the superficial, central (tibial) and capsular arms. 11 The
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile
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Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile
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Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal
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aspect of the fibula head, 8.2 mm posterior to the anterior margin and 28.4 mm distal to the apex of the fibular styloid process. 6 The FCL acts as the primary varus stabilizer of the knee, 7 , 10 – 12 while also providing restraint to tibial
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Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
School of Medicine, Minho University, Braga, Portugal
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femoral insertion is rounded-shaped and is located at approximately 3.2 mm proximal and 4.8 mm posteriorly to the medial epicondyle. There are two tibial insertions, one proximal and one distal. The proximal portion is fixed on the anterior region of the
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and the abductor hallucis tendons. 12 The FHB tendon inserts on the proximal phalanx in confluence with the plantar plate. As the FHB moves distally toward its insertion, the tendon envelops the medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) sesamoids
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rupture of all ligaments (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL + PLC) KDV Knee dislocation with an associated fracture Note . ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; PCL, posterior cruciate ligament; MCL, medical collateral ligament; LCL, lateral collateral
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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tunnel, and lastly, the cruciate graft can be secured at the tibial attachment sites (Geeslin and Laprade 6 ). ACL + PLC or PCL + PLC Reconstruct the PLC together with the ACL or PCL to unload the immature graft. In this setting, the fixation of
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-articular foreign bodies of uncertain origin in which arthroscopy revealed a polyethylene fracture of the tibial component after TKA. 46 Polyethylene wear after TKA can also be evaluated arthroscopically. Kondo et al performed eight arthroscopies in patients
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high risk of injury recurrence. 1 , 5 However, understanding the optimal management of rectus femoris injuries is challenging, as existing reports on non-operative and operative management of these injures have combined proximal and distal muscle
