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Martin McNally The Oxford Bone Infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK

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Geertje Govaert Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Maria Dudareva The Oxford Bone Infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK

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Mario Morgenstern Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland

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Willem-Jan Metsemakers Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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randomized trials of fracture fixation used any definition of infection when reporting this complication. 7 By contrast to prosthetic joint infection, the lack of a definition or diagnostic strategy for infection has hampered the development of

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Pieter Bas de Witte Department Orthopedic Surgery, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Christiaan J A van Bergen Department Orthopedic Surgery, Amphia, Breda, the Netherlands

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Babette L de Geest Knowledge Institute of Medical Specialists, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Floor Willeboordse Knowledge Institute of Medical Specialists, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Joost H van Linge Juliana Children’s Hospital, The Hague & Reinier HAGA Orthopaedic Centre, Zoetermeer and Delft, the Netherlands

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Yvon M den Hartog Department Orthopedic Surgery, MST, Enschede, the Netherlands

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Magritha (Margret) M H P Foreman-van Drongelen Department Hip Sonography, Diagnostiek voor U, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

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Renske M Pereboom Dutch Hip Patient Association “Vereniging Afwijkende Heupontwikkeling”, Nijkerk, the Netherlands

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Simon G F Robben Department Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands

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Bart J Burger Department Orthopedic Surgery, North West Hospital Group, Alkmaar, the Netherlands

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M Adhiambo Witlox Department Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands

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Melinda M E H Witbreuk Department Orthopedic Surgery OLVG, AUMC Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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, including pain and severe disabilities in the activities of daily living due to early onset osteoarthritis or a dislocated hip ( 2 ). Nevertheless, diagnostic and treatment methods are highly variable in clinical practice and often depend on local agreements

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Shankar Aissvarya Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

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King-Hwa Ling Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing (MyAgeing), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

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Manohar Arumugam Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor, Malaysia

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Karuppiah Thilakavathy Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing (MyAgeing), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

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this review, we addressed the genetic aspects and prior genetic investigations related to DC. Subsequently, we delve into a discussion of the molecular pathways that have been proposed to be associated with DC. Lastly, we provide a summary of the

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Marco Gupton MountainView Regional Medical Center, Orthopaedic Surgery Residency, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA

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Jessica Burns Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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. They state that mNGS did not alter management in the majority of cases and provided minimal diagnostic value with additional cost to conventional testing. Table 1 Comparison of PCR and mNGS. Diagnostic test Advantages Disadvantages

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Brijesh Ayyaswamy Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Bilal Saeed Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Anoop Anand Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Lai Chan Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK

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Vishwanath Shetty Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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to neurogenic inflammation. The exact pathway and mechanisms are not known but Janig and Koltzenburg 10 suggested ‘coupling’ of sympathetic and somatic afferent neurons. Mos et al 11 reported that the incidence of CRPS in the general

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Sohail Yousaf Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
University of Brighton, UK

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Edward J.C. Dawe Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
Brighton and Sussex Medical Schools, UK

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Alan Saleh Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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Ian R. Gill Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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Alex Wee Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK

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loss of its protective sensations. Early recognition of acute Charcot foot in diabetics is a diagnostic challenge as the clinical suspicion even in high risk patients is often low, and the consequences of a missed diagnosis can be devastating. This

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Martin McNally The Bone infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK

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Irene Sigmund The Bone infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria

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Andrew Hotchen The Bone infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK

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Ricardo Sousa Porto Bone and Joint Infection Group (GRIP), Department of Orthopaedics, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Santo António and CUF-Hospitais e Clinicas, Portugal

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definition, does not dictate any particular treatment. This can only be decided by combining information from the definition and classification together with a full discussion of the patient’s needs and wishes. The diagnostic pathway is just the start of the

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AliSina Shahi The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA

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Javad Parvizi The Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA

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protective pathways in the host. Microarray techniques have shown a specific gene expression signature exhibited by the white blood cells (WBCs) in the synovial fluid of infected joints, distinctive of the innate host immune response to infection. 10

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Chengxiang Li Department of Orthopedic, University Children´s Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Fatime Krasniqi Department of Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
The Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Center of the University of Basel (KWUB), Basel, Switzerland

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Ricardo Donners The Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Center of the University of Basel (KWUB), Basel, Switzerland
Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Christoph Kettelhack The Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Center of the University of Basel (KWUB), Basel, Switzerland
Clarunis, University Digestive Health Care Center, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Switzerland

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Andreas H Krieg Department of Orthopedic, University Children´s Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
The Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Center of the University of Basel (KWUB), Basel, Switzerland

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characteristics such as the triple sign, while smaller lesions may be homogenous and less conspicuous with smooth contours, leading to diagnostic uncertainty ( 26 ). Computed tomography The primary roles of CT in the context of SS are the detection of soft

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Joseph J Ruzbarsky Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
Steadman Clinic and United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Vail, Colorado, USA

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Rui W Soares Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Spencer M Comfort Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA

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Justin W Arner Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Marc J Philippon Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
Steadman Clinic and United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Vail, Colorado, USA

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, microinstability, labral retear, or adhesions. Imaging in the form of a computerized tomography (CT) scan may therefore be useful for diagnostic and therapeutic planning especially when open surgery or revision arthroscopy is being considered ( 1 ). This is mostly

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