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Daan Vermeulen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Mara Rosa van der Valk Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Laurens Kaas Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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relevant study comparing conservative treatment with a cylinder cast, brace and posterior splint was available. 3 Anatomy and pathophysiology The patellofemoral joint consists of the patella and the femoral trochlea. This joint obtains its

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Sebastian Kopf Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Germany

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Manuel-Paul Sava Orthopedics and Traumatology 2nd Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania

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Christian Stärke Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

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Roland Becker Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Germany

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Treatment recommendations differ depending on the pathologies. For degenerative meniscus lesions, a paradigm shift has happened over the last 10 years, suggesting primarily conservative treatment, and arthroscopy with partial meniscus resection not until a

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Erdem Sahin Cankaya Orthopedics, Ankara, Turkiye

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Reha Tandogan Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Cankaya Orthopedics, Ankara, Turkiye & Halic University, Istanbul, Turkiye

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Michael Liebensteiner Orthopädie, Knie & Fuß im Zentrum, Innsbruck, Austria

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Guillaume Demey Lyon Ortho Clinic, Lyon, France

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Asim Kayaalp Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Cankaya Orthopedics, Ankara, Turkiye & Halic University, Istanbul, Turkiye

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are fixed with the patellae facing upward during the scans may be a sign of excessive femoral anteversion and is an indication for CT evaluation for the authors. The decision for conservative vs surgical treatment is made after a complete evaluation of

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Alfonso Vaquero-Picado Department of Orthopedic Surgery, “La Paz” University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261. CP 28046. Madrid, Spain

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopedic Surgery, “La Paz” University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261. CP 28046. Madrid, Spain

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. Table 1. Recommended treatment for isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries Grade of injury Recommended treatment Acute injury Grade I and II injuries (< 10 mm posterior laxity) Conservative treatment

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Jimmy Ng Nottingham Elective Orthopaedic Services, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

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Pau Balcells-Nolla Nottingham Elective Orthopaedic Services, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

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Peter J. James Nottingham Elective Orthopaedic Services, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

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Benjamin V. Bloch Nottingham Elective Orthopaedic Services, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

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should be also performed to restore the joint line and prevent failure or recurrence. Treatment options Conservative treatment Partial rupture, extensor lag of less than 20° and undisplaced patella fracture with intact extensor mechanism

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Stefano Zaffagnini Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Dipartimento Rizzoli Sicilia, Bagheria (PA), Italy
Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Bologna (BO), Italy

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Alberto Grassi Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Dipartimento Rizzoli Sicilia, Bagheria (PA), Italy
Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Bologna (BO), Italy

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Gianluca Zocco Dipartimento di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, Scuola Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Università di Messina, Italy

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Michele Attilo Rosa Dipartimento di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, Scuola Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Università di Messina, Italy

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Cecilia Signorelli Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Bologna (BO), Italy

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Giulio Maria Marcheggiani Muccioli Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Dipartimento Rizzoli Sicilia, Bagheria (PA), Italy
Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Bologna (BO), Italy

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dysplasia, still represents a dilemma. In the case of a first episode, conservative management has been historically considered to be the treatment of choice due to the reported comparable results with surgical treatment. 26 However, with improvement

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Gerardo Fusco Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Francesco M. Gambaro Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
These authors contributed equally to the article and should both be considered first authors

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Berardo Di Matteo Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
First Moscow State Medical University – Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia

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Elizaveta Kon Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy

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-articular injection of CS is perhaps the most common conservative approach in the treatment of knee OA. The rationale behind its use relies on its immunosuppressive activity in the knee joint acting at different levels of the inflammatory cascade. In particular, it

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Lei Yao Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Jie Cai West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Junqiao Li Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Yan Xiong Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Jian Li Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Introduction Knee arthroscopy is the replacement choice for patients with symptomatic degenerative arthropathy who have failed conservative treatment, such as intra-articular loose bodies and meniscal pathology. Postoperative joint pain and

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Hsiao-Yi Cheng Department of Primary Care Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chun-Wei Liang School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Primary Care Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yu-Hao Lee Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Timporn Vitoonpong Department of Rehabilitation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bankok, Thailand

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Chun-De Liao Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Master’s Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Shih-Wei Huang Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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. ( https://doi.org/10.1002/art.21590 ) 17 Tognolo L Maccarone MC De Trane S Scanu A Masiero S & Fiore P . Therapeutic exercise and conservative injection treatment for early knee osteoarthritis in athletes: a scoping review . Medicina 2022

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Elena Gálvez-Sirvent Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “Infanta Elena” University Hospital, Valdemoro, Madrid, Spain
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain

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Aitor Ibarzábal-Gil Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “La Paz” University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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E Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “La Paz” University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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injuries ( 95 ). Treatment For elderly patients or those with previous knee osteoarthritis who have significant joint damage that cannot be reconstructed, the tendency will be to perform a TKA. In active and young patients, conservative surgery will

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