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Joseph Genevière Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Co-first authors and equal contributors

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Shawna McCallin Department of Neuro-Urology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Co-first authors and equal contributors

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Angela Huttner Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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Truong-Thanh Pham Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Bone Infection Unit, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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Domizio Suva Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Bone Infection Unit, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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plates, screws, or intramedullary nails). Despite a trend towards single-stage treatments, 1 – 3 a large number of patients require complex treatment protocols involving prolonged antimicrobial therapy and multiple surgeries, 4 , 5 thus exposing

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E Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

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Alberto D Delgado-Martínez Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
Department of Surgery, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain

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Javier De Andrés-Ares Department of Anesthetics, Pain Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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techniques are futile or not possible ( 38 ). Indications, contraindications, and benefits RF is recommended for managing pain arising from diverse musculoskeletal sources only if conservative treatment (analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

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Zaki Arshad University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK

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Edward Jun-Shing Lau University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK

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Aiman Aslam University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK

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Azeem Thahir Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Matija Krkovic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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control for any potential confounding factors and directly compare the effect of specific aspects of treatment strategy such as radical versus conservative debridement, six weeks versus two weeks of antibiotic administration or use of antibiotic

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Tristan Ferry Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
Centre de Références des IOA Complexes de Lyon, CRIOAc Lyon, Lyon, France
StaPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
Education and Clinical Officer of the ESCMID Study Group for Non-traditional Antibacterial Therapy (ESGNTA)

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Jolien Onsea Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven, Belgium

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Tiphaine Roussel-Gaillard Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie du Nord, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Cécile Batailler Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique et de Médecine du Sport, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Thomas Fintan Moriarty AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos Platz, Switzerland

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Willem-Jan Metsemakers Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, Leuven, Belgium

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, limited mobility, and a higher mortality rate compared to patients who do not develop this complication ( 3 , 6 ). Management concepts consist of a combined surgical and antibiotic treatment approach. Because these infections are biofilm

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Marc Beirer Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany

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Chlodwig Kirchhoff Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany

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Peter Biberthaler Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany

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Xiang Z . Plating versus intramedullary pin or conservative treatment for midshaft fracture of clavicle: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2011 ; 20 : 1008 - 1015 . 2 Gardner MJ Streubel

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain

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pseudotumours occur in adults and do not respond to conservative treatment. Large proximal pseudotumours in adults should be removed surgically as soon as they are diagnosed. Distal pseudotumours occurring distal to the wrist and ankle appear to be secondary to

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Brijesh Ayyaswamy Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Bilal Saeed Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Anoop Anand Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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Lai Chan Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK

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Vishwanath Shetty Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK

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guidelines for treatment of the advanced, severe form of CRPS. 7 The focus of this study is to systematically review the research conducted on advanced, chronic, non-responding, irreversible, dysfunctional stages of CRPS which require sacrifice of the

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Hamid Rahmatullah Bin Abd Razak Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
Joint first authors

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Daniel Chew Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Joint first authors

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Zepur Kazezian Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Anthony M.J. Bull Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK

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-surgical methods. Initial treatment of knee OA needs to be conservative. Conservative treatment comprises physiotherapy, bracing, education, weight reduction, viscosupplementation, corticosteroid injections, analgesia and anti-inflammatory treatment. 29 – 31

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T Gosens Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands

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B L den Oudsten Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands

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operation. For those with osteoarthritis of hip or knee being active, building stamina and stability is the conservative treatment modality. But not all patients are suited for this conservative treatment in which they actively participate and wish for

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Heinz Winkler Osteitis Centre, Privatklinik Döbling Wien, Heiligenstaedter Strasse 57-63, A-1190 Wien, Austria

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, the delayed mobilisation and rehabilitation, and the risk of multiple surgery are marked drawbacks, especially in elderly patients. Is it worthwhile to wait? Difficulties of treatment derive from two distinct issues: 1) resistance of the causing

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