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Department of Surgery, EOC, Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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characterized by the degeneration of the plantar fascia at the medial calcaneal tuberosity ( 3 ). This process leads to heel pain and tenderness with gradual onset and exacerbated by weight-bearing ( 4 ). Conservative treatments for plantar fasciitis include an
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Sports Med 2009 ; 37 : 371 - 375 . 66. Kerkhoffs GM Handoll HH de Bie R Rowe BH Struijs PA . Surgical versus conservative treatment for acute injuries of the lateral ligament complex of the ankle in
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metatarsal, osteoarthrosis of the second tarso-metatarsal joint (TMT2) and dislocation of the lesser MTP joints ( Fig. 1 ). This careful analysis is mandatory for the choice of the most efficient treatment. Conservative treatment includes the adaptation of
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. Current treatment approach involves rest, ice, compression, and elevation followed by active range of motion, neuromuscular training and peroneal strengthening, since a large majority of these injuries are successfully treated conservatively. 1 , 8 , 12
Department of Surgery, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Orthopedic and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
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Department of Surgery, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Department of Surgery, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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ankle osteoarthritis. Conservative treatment Joint-preserving surgical procedures Joint-sacrificing surgical procedures Conservative treatment Regardless of the degree of ankle OA, conservative treatment should be
Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital – Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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and lack of clarity about which patients will benefit from conservative versus surgical treatment. Treatment of TTS can be either surgical or non-surgical. The choice is usually made based on the aetiology of the problem and the degree of loss of
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12 months with conservative treatment. 2 In the last 15 years, the focus of non-operative treatment has changed from orthoses and splints to different types of stretching routines. The focus of operative treatment has also changed from
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arthritic ankle changes ( Fig. 6 ). 12 Fig. 6 Classification of syndesmotic injuries of the ankle. Management Acute injuries: conservative treatment Syndesmotic sprains without instability should be treated non-operatively as they
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that mechanical instability is treated with surgery (but as we have seen there might be some room for conservative treatment) and functional instability with physiotherapy. However, some surgeons would advocate surgery, even on mechanically stable
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histological diagnosis. The classic local treatment of malignant conditions of the foot and ankle was below-knee amputation at different levels. Nowadays, with the development of adjuvant therapies, some patients may benefit from conservative surgery or partial
