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orthopaedic procedures, older adult patients, especially with co-morbidities, need a more intensive level of care than younger patients during the pre- peri- and post-operative periods. 2 – 4 Pre-operative management In the pre-operative period the

provision of the missing coagulation factor, haemorrhages can be controlled and conservative orthopaedic management can usually terminate the episode without any long-term complications. Should the haemorrhage persist or a re-bleed occur, intra

thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are the most common forms of VTE incidence, causing significant morbidity and mortality ( 1 ). VTE in major orthopedic surgery is caused by several prothrombotic mechanisms, such as vein injury, coagulation

in shortening clot lysis time ( 30 ). The role of thyroid insufficiency on coagulation factor synthesis and function is emphasized by the reversal of the acquired von Willebrand Syndrome (aVWS) seen after thyroid hormone replacement therapy ( 29

management of venous thromboembolism. SIGN publication no. 122 . Edinburgh : SIGN ; 2010 . 17. Anderson FA Jr Spencer FA. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism . Circulation 2003 ; 107 ( suppl 1 ): I9 - I16 . 18

coagulation cascade of collected blood. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) suppresses platelet degranulation and therefore is not recommended for PRP. Conversely, heparin can cause spontaneous aggregation of platelets in some individuals. Anticoagulant

involved in the diagnosis and management of ALTR/ARMD and of clarification of the parameters used in the proposed semi-quantitative scoring systems for its classification has been recently emphasized. 37 The aims of this review article on the