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  • Foot & Ankle x
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Önder İ. Kılıçoğlu Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İstanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey

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Mehmet Demirel Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İstanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey

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Şamil Aktaş Department of Underwater and Hyperbaric Medicine, İstanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey

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regions to prevent these regions from the onset and recurrence of DFU, which is done by encouraging effective pressure off-loading. 28 , 33 , 34 Nevertheless, the efficacy and feasibility of these techniques are rarely studied in clinical practice

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Valentina Viglione Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 1 IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Angelo Boffa Applied and Translational Research (ATR) Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Davide Previtali Department of Surgery, EOC, Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lugano, Switzerland

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Francesca Vannini Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 1 IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Cesare Faldini Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 1 IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Giuseppe Filardo Applied and Translational Research (ATR) Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
Department of Surgery, EOC, Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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for foot problems ( 60 , 61 ). This finding is of high clinical relevance and questions the real efficacy of the conservative treatments used for the management of plantar fasciitis. In fact, an improvement reported after a hypothetically effective

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Mustafa S. Rashid Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Yves Tourné Institut Grenoblois de Chirurgie du Pied, Echirolles, France

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Kar H. Teoh Princess Alexandra Hospital, Harlow, UK

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clinical efficacy and clinical effectiveness of LIPUS therapy in the foot and ankle exist. A clinical efficacy study investigating the use of LIPUS therapy in a particular area, such as delayed unions in 5th metatarsal fractures, may utilize a double

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James Wee Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore

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Gowreeson Thevendran Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore

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useful modicum of osteo-inductive potential, in addition to its osteo-conductive properties. 14 In foot and ankle surgery, there are a good number of clinical studies documenting the efficacy and safety of allograft usage in primary arthrodesis and

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Mario Herrera-Pérez Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
Department of Surgery, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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Victor Valderrabano Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, Schmerzklinik, Basel, Switzerland
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Alexandre L Godoy-Santos Orthopaedic Department, Hospital Israelita, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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César de César Netto Director of the UIOWA Orthopedic Functional Imaging Research Laboratory (OFIRL), Iowa, USA
Department of Orthopedic and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA

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David González-Martín Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopaedic Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
Department of Surgery, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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Sergio Tejero Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
Department of Surgery, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain

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-term studies to determine its long-term efficacy ( 73 ). Bipolar allograft Designed with the idea of replacing the ankle joint with a fresh total allograft (fixed to the distal tibia and talus with screws), it is a novel and complex procedure. Clinical

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Manuel Monteagudo Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, UEM Madrid, Spain

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Pilar Martínez de Albornoz Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, UEM Madrid, Spain

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Borja Gutierrez Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, UEM Madrid, Spain

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José Tabuenca Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, UEM Madrid, Spain

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Ignacio Álvarez Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Unit, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, UEM Madrid, Spain

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prospective, randomized, double-blinded study compared two calf-stretching regimens for PF and it was confirmed that Achilles stretching alone was an effective treatment. 53 Several Level-I and Level-II clinical studies demonstrate the efficacy of home

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Alessio Bernasconi Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, Department of Public Health, “Federico II” Naples University, Naples, Italy

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François Lintz Clinique de l’Union, Saint-Jean, France

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Francesco Sadile Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, Department of Public Health, “Federico II” Naples University, Naples, Italy

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provided encouraging results. In particular, most recent studies have focused on the efficacy and safety of subtalar arthoereisis, a surgical alternative considered minimally invasive and safer than soft-tissue and bony procedures (osteotomies and

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José Nuno Ferreira Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Portugal

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João Vide Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Portugal

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Daniel Mendes Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Portugal

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João Protásio Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Portugal

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Rui Viegas Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Portugal

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Manuel Resende Sousa Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital da Luz, Portugal

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prognostic variables are proposed (see Table 1 ). Table 1. Prognostic factors and their relationship to clinical outcome Better outcome Undetermined Worst outcome Young 14 Low grade 20 Low activity level 1 , 14 , 17

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Fabian Krause Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Helen Anwander Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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locking or catching of the ankle. Often, recurrent sprains and unbalanced loading of the entire foot go along with the ankle problem. A thorough clinical examination of the patient focussing on the location of tenderness and swelling of the ankle

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Andreas F. Mavrogenis First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Panayiotis D. Megaloikonomos First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Thekla Antoniadou First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Vasilios G. Igoumenou First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Georgios N. Panagopoulos First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Leonidas Dimopoulos First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Konstantinos G. Moulakakis Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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George S. Sfyroeras Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Andreas Lazaris Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece

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United States, 6 approximately £650 million annually in the UK and > €10 billion annually in Europe. 2 Optimal management of patients with DFUs includes clinical awareness, adequate blood glucose control, periodic foot inspection, custom

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