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Nikolaos K. Paschos University of California, Davis, USA

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Stephen M. Howell University of California, Davis, USA

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Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is one of the most common orthopaedic techniques performed worldwide. ACL injuries occur with increasing incidence, from approximately 33 cases in 100 000 in 1994 to between 40 and

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Juan Carlos Monllau Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
ICATKnee, Institut Catalá de Traumatologia i Medicina de l’Esport (ICATME), Hospital Universitari Dexeus, UAB, Barcelona, Spain

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Simone Perelli Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
ICATKnee, Institut Catalá de Traumatologia i Medicina de l’Esport (ICATME), Hospital Universitari Dexeus, UAB, Barcelona, Spain

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Giuseppe Gianluca Costa Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Ospedale Umberto I, Enna, Italy

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Introduction Surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is supported in the international literature as the treatment of choice in sports-active patients due to the fundamental role of the ACL in joint kinematics and in

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Joanna Baawa-Ameyaw Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Ricci Plastow Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Fahima Aarah Begum Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Babar Kayani Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Hyder Jeddy Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Fares Haddad Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK

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Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries account for over half of all knee injuries sustained during sporting activity, with an estimated annual incidence of 30–78 injuries per 100,000 persons, with rising rates particularly in

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Francisco Figueroa Knee Unit, Hospital Dr Sotero del Rio, Chile; Knee Unit, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile

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David Figueroa Knee Unit, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile

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João Espregueira-Mendes Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Portugal; Dom Henrique Research Centre, Portugal; 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Portugal; ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal; Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal

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Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures have been estimated to occur in 200 000 persons annually in the United States. 1 Most of these patients eventually undergo ACL reconstruction based on continued instability symptoms

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Francisco Figueroa Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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David Figueroa Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile

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Rafael Calvo Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile

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Alex Vaisman Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile

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João Espregueira-Mendes Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal
Dom Henrique Research Centre, Portugal
3Bs Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
ICVS/3Bs–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Braga, Portugal

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Introduction The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is the most commonly injured knee ligament, and an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is the most frequently associated injury after an MCL lesion. 1 – 4 Successful outcomes after

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Tianping Zhou Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital of Navy Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China

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Yihong Xu Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital of Navy Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China

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Aiai Zhang Department of Burn Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital of Navy Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China

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Lan Zhou School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China

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Qing Zhang Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital of Navy Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China

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Zhou Ji Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital of Navy Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China

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Weidong Xu Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital of Navy Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China

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Introduction Most patients suffering from anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, especially athletes and physically active populations desiring to return to physical activities, need surgical reconstruction ( 1 ). In fact, the number of

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Francisco Figueroa Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile

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David Figueroa Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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Rafael Calvo Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile

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Alex Vaisman Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile

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João Espregueira-Mendes Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Portugal; Dom Henrique Research Centre, Portugal; 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Portugal; ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal; Orthopaedics Department of Minho University, Portugal

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Introduction Knee septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is an uncommon but devastating complication, with a reported incidence of 0.14% to 1.7% on the literature. 1 , 2 Even providing state of the art

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Alli Gokeler University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Science, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands

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Bart Dingenen Rehabilitation Research Institute, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium

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Caroline Mouton Département de l’Appareil Locomoteur, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg – Clinique d’Eich, 76, rue d’Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg

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Romain Seil Département de l’Appareil Locomoteur, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg – Clinique d’Eich, 76, rue d’Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg and Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 76, rue d’Eich, L-1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg

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Introduction Athletes who wish to resume high-level activities after an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are often advised to undergo surgical reconstruction. 1 , 2 Patients’ general expectations after ACL reconstruction

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Mattia Alessio-Mazzola IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Unità Clinica di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Via Olgettina, Milan, Italy

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Giacomo Placella Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, Milan, Italy

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Luigi Zagra Hip Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Orlando Leone Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, Milan, Italy

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Natasha Di Fabio Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, Milan, Italy

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Desiree Moharamzadeh IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Unità Clinica di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Via Olgettina, Milan, Italy

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Vincenzo Salini Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury represents a well-recognized risk factor for the future development of knee osteoarthritis (OA) ( 1 ) as instability is a leading cause of cartilage and meniscal damage with a growing

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Yusuf Omar Qalib Department of Orthopaedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
These authors contributed equally to this work

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Yicun Tang Department of Orthopaedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
These authors contributed equally to this work

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Dawei Wang Department of Orthopaedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China

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Baizhou Xing Department of Orthopaedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China

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Xingming Xu Department of Orthopaedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China

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Huading Lu Department of Orthopaedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China

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shock absorption, joint lubrication, nutrient supply and stabilization alongside the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). 2 , 3 When the latter loses function, the former adopts its role of reducing anterior tibial translation, which eventually leads

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