Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Hospital San José – Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile
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Shoulder, Elbow Unit, Sportsclinicnumber1, Bern, Switzerland
Shoulder, Elbow and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
Campus Stiftung Lindenhof Bern, Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
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the exact mechanism remains unclear. Secondary stiffness, however, does not only involve the glenohumeral joint but is characterized by extracapsular adhesion involving the subacromial, subcoracoid, and subdeltoid space, resulting in a mechanically
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–matrix adhesions through vinculin, which in turn modulates a Rab 5-Rac1 pathway to control ultrasound-mediated endocytosis and cell motility ( 21 ). LIPUS overcomes the necessity of engagement or expression of syndecan-4 during the process of focal adhesion
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extrinsic causes such as malunion, nonunion, incongruity or articular surface, capsular fibrosis, anterior and/or posterior capsule adhesions, adhesions to the triceps or brachialis muscles, intra- or extra-articular osteophytes, callus formation, HO
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unavoidable ( 34 ). Limited forearm rotation is one of the most common complications after reconstruction of the annular ligament. This is mainly due to a tight surrounding of the radial head and lack of blood supply which leads to ligament adhesion and