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consisting of intrinsic, extrinsic, and combined contractures ( 12 ). Herein, intrinsic contractures are associated with intra-articular (IA) injuries, such as IA adhesions or malunions, loss of articular cartilage, protruding metalwork, loose bodies, and
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/nonunion Tuberosity insufficiency 27 (7.3%) Greater tuberosity 12 (3.2%) Lesser tuberosity 4 (1.1%) 5 (1.3%) 6 (1.6%) Full-thickness tendon lesion B1 B2 B3 B4 Avulsion of tendinous attachments Midsubstance tear Fosbury flop tear Bony adhesions 334 (90
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Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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discarded because adhesions are not consistently observed). For others, 2 , 7 , 17 , 18 either frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis are broader terms which describe onset of the above symptoms whether primary (idiopathic), or secondary (with an
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intra-articular adhesions; extrinsic contractures are typically extra-articular, for example capsular or muscular contracture, HO, extra-articular malunions and burn contractures; and mixed forms may encompass variations of both extrinsic and intrinsic
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axillary fold became adherent to the humeral head. However, the existence of a true adhesion could not be confirmed in other studies. 6 Zuckerman et al formulated a descriptive consensus definition for FS: ‘a condition characterized by functional
Dworska Hospital, Kraków, Poland
Hospital in Proszowice, Poland
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impingement syndrome. In the course of the inflammatory process, the tendon increases in diameter and finally becomes mechanically constricted due to scarring and adhesions within the bicipital groove. Progressive friction of an inflamed tendon during shoulder
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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functional range of motion despite adequate conservative treatment. Restriction in range of motion is often the result of capsular adhesions or HO around the elbow, leading to impingement. This can be managed by open or arthroscopic arthrolysis and, if
