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Michele Boffano Oncology and Reconstructive Department, CTO Hospital, AOU Citta’ della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy

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Stefano Mortera Oncology and Reconstructive Department, CTO Hospital, AOU Citta’ della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy

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Raimondo Piana Oncology and Reconstructive Department, CTO Hospital, AOU Citta’ della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy

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-directional instability or those with soft-tissue laxity. 32 Physical therapy and activity modification are trialled initially in this cohort. Those with multi-directional instability with recurrent and debilitating laxity may be treated with open capsular shifts

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Diana Cabral Teixeira Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
These authors contributed equally to the article and should all be considered first authors

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Luís Alves Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, São João Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal
These authors contributed equally to the article and should all be considered first authors

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Manuel Gutierres Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, São João Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal
These authors contributed equally to the article and should all be considered first authors

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questionnaire and VAS pain score. A standardized physical therapy (PT) protocol was prescribed for patients with symptomatic RCT. Patients’ data acquired before and after 8 weeks of PT and acquired at 1 time point for the control subjects. PT improved pain

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Alexandre Lädermann Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland

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Jérome Tirefort Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, La Tour Hospital, Switzerland

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Davide Zanchi Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland

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Sven Haller Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
Affidea Centre de Diagnostic Radiologique de Carouge CDRC, Geneva, Switzerland
Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany

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Caecilia Charbonnier Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
Medical Research Department, Artanim Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland

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Pierre Hoffmeyer Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland

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Gregory Cunningham Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland

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  • Shoulder apprehension is related to changes in functional cerebral networks induced by dislocations, peripheral neuromuscular lesions and persistent mechanical glenohumeral instability consisting of micro-motion.

  • All the damage to the osseous and soft-tissue stabilizers of the shoulder, as well as neurologic impairment persisting even after stabilization, must be properly identified in order to offer the best possible treatment to the patient.

  • There is growing evidence supporting the use of a global multimodal approach, involving, on the one hand, shoulder ‘reafferentation’, including proprioception, mirror therapy and even cognitive behavioural approaches, and, on the other hand, surgical stabilization techniques and traditional physical therapy in order to minimize persistent micro-motion, which may help brain healing. This combined management could improve return to sport and avoid dislocation arthropathy in the long term.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:550-557. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.180007

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Claudio Rosso ARTHRO Medics, Shoulder and Elbow Center, Basel, Switzerland
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Swiss Orthopaedics, Grandvaux, Switzerland

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Mark E Morrey Swiss Orthopaedics, Grandvaux, Switzerland

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Michael O Schär Swiss Orthopaedics, Grandvaux, Switzerland

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Kushtrim Grezda ARTHRO Medics, Shoulder and Elbow Center, Basel, Switzerland
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Shoulder and Elbow, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota

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the Swiss Orthopaedics Shoulder Elbow and Expert Group †
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the Swiss Orthopaedics Shoulder Elbow and Expert Group

-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) for a 6-month period and some protocols allowed home exercise ( 28 , 29 , 30 ) or physical therapy ( 25 ), while in others, only passive movement was advised ( 26 , 31 ). Despite the methodological differences of the

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Luciano A. Rossi Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires City, Argentina

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Maximiliano Ranalletta Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires City, Argentina

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PARCTs. 21 – 23 This approach includes activity modification with the avoidance of provocative activity and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. A supervised physical therapy regimen is also indicated to stretch out the contracted

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Mark F Siemensma Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Anna E van der Windt Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Eline M van Es Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Joost W Colaris Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Denise Eygendaal Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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. O'Driscoll SW Lievano JR Morrey ME Sanchez-Sotelo J Shukla DR Olson TS Fitzsimmons JS Vaichinger AM & Shields MN . Prospective randomized trial of continuous passive motion versus physical therapy after arthroscopic release of

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Jonathon C Coward Deaprtment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Stefan Bauer Chirurgie de l’Épaule, Service d’Orthopédie et Traumatologie, Ensemble Hospitalier de la Côte, Morges, Switzerland

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Stephanie M Babic Deaprtment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Charline Coron Chirurgie de l’Épaule, Service d’Orthopédie et Traumatologie, Ensemble Hospitalier de la Côte, Morges, Switzerland

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Taro Okamoto Deaprtment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Chirurgie de l’Épaule, Service d’Orthopédie et Traumatologie, Ensemble Hospitalier de la Côte, Morges, Switzerland

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William G Blakeney Deaprtment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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protocol while also showing a significant improvement in functional outcome scores. The fundamental elements of the rehabilitation protocol designed by Shepet et al. can be summarised as follows: Quality – supervised physical therapy to ensure that the

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Abdul-ilah Hachem Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

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Andres Molina-Creixell Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico

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Xavier Rius Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

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Karla Rodriguez-Bascones Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asepeyo Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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Francisco Javier Cabo Cabo Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

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Jose Luis Agulló Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

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Miguel Angel Ruiz-Iban Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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). Treatment Treatment of recurrent posterior instability should always include a physical therapy protocol, which consists of strengthening of the external rotators and periscapular muscles and can be aided with electrical stimulation to reeducate these

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Felix H. Savoie Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Michael O’Brien Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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. The patients are allowed to add 10° to both flexion and extension on a weekly basis as the pain-free arc improves. Six weeks post-operatively, ROM is expected to be equal to the pre-operative arc of motion. Physical therapy at this six-week mark is

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Victor Housset Clinique de l'épaule, Clinique Maussins-Nollet, Paris, France

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Sean Wei Loong Ho Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore

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Alexandre Lädermann Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Hôpital de La Tour, Meyrin, Switzerland
FORE (Foundation for Research and Teaching in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine, Trauma, and Imaging in the Musculoskeletal System), Meyrin, Switzerland
Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

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Sean Kean Ann Phua Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore

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Si Jian Hui Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore

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Geoffroy Nourissat Clinique de l'épaule, Clinique Maussins-Nollet, Paris, France

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biomechanical validity of shoulder joint laxity tests as diagnostic criteria in multidirectional instability . Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 2021 25 883 – 890 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2021.10.001 ) 61 Illyés A & Kiss RM . Kinematic

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