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Cheuk Yin Li School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Kenneth Jordan Ng Cheong Chung School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Omar M. E. Ali School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Nicholas D. H. Chung School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Cheuk Heng Li School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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-stage, symptomatic osteoarthritis patients. 4 – 7 However, 10–34% of TKR patients receive adverse pain outcomes between three months and five years following surgery and around 20% of TKR patients experience more knee pain and swelling than before surgery. 8

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Vikki Wylde Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.

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Andrew Beswick Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.

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Julie Bruce Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK.

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Ashley Blom Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.
North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.

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Nicholas Howells North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.

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Rachael Gooberman-Hill Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK.

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Introduction The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines chronic pain as pain persisting for three months or longer. 1 Chronic post-surgical pain is widely accepted to be pain of at least three to six months

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Fabio A. Rodriguez-Patarroyo Outcomes Research Department, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Ohio, USA

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Nadin Cuello Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Robert Molloy Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Viktor Krebs Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Alparslan Turan Outcomes Research Department, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Ohio, USA
Department of Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Nicolas S. Piuzzi Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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-effective strategies across different TKA patient populations constitutes an area of increased interest and value. 5 One of the facets that continues to require improvement is the relatively high incidence of postoperative severe pain, ranging from 10 to 36%, which

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Lei Yao Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Jie Cai West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Junqiao Li Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Yan Xiong Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Jian Li Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Introduction Knee arthroscopy is the replacement choice for patients with symptomatic degenerative arthropathy who have failed conservative treatment, such as intra-articular loose bodies and meniscal pathology. Postoperative joint pain and

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Qiuyuan Wang Department of Evidence-based Medicine, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province. Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
Department of Bone And Joint Diseases, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province. Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China

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Feng Li Department of Bone And Joint Diseases, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province. Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China

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Yidan Yang Department of Evidence-based Medicine, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province. Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China

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Chen Yue Department of Evidence-based Medicine, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province. Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China

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Jiayi Guo Department of Evidence-based Medicine, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province. Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
Department of Bone And Joint Diseases, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province. Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China

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Introduction Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an effective surgical intervention aimed at enhancing function and alleviating pain in patients with end-stage knee joint disorders. In the USA, 480 958 TKA procedures were conducted during 2019

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Hsiao-Yi Cheng Department of Primary Care Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chun-Wei Liang School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Primary Care Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yu-Hao Lee Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Timporn Vitoonpong Department of Rehabilitation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bankok, Thailand

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Chun-De Liao Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Master’s Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Shih-Wei Huang Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

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procedure for end-stage knee osteoarthritis; however, it is associated with the risks of various complications, including intraoperative and postoperative infections, instability, fractures, pain, and discomfort ( 1 ). For patients unsuitable for surgery or

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Francesco Benazzo Sezione di Chirurgia Protesica ad Indirizzo Robotico – Unità di Traumatologia dello Sport, U.O Ortopedia e Traumatologia Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Lombardy, Italy
Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy

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Loris Perticarini Sezione di Chirurgia Protesica ad Indirizzo Robotico – Unità di Traumatologia dello Sport, U.O Ortopedia e Traumatologia Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Lombardy, Italy

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Eugenio Jannelli Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo – Pavia, Lombardy, Italy

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Alessandro Ivone Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo – Pavia, Lombardy, Italy

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Matteo Ghiara Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo – Pavia, Lombardy, Italy

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Stefano Marco Paolo Rossi Sezione di Chirurgia Protesica ad Indirizzo Robotico – Unità di Traumatologia dello Sport, U.O Ortopedia e Traumatologia Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Lombardy, Italy

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randomized trials and subsequent meta-analyses have not shown a statistically significant difference in anterior knee pain, almost all have shown less anterior knee pain in the resurfaced group. 4 – 8 Third, unless preoperative magnetic resonance imaging

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ‘La Paz’ University Hospital-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain

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with TKA, 1 – 5 and represents a significant cause of morbidity due to pain and restricted function. 6 Risk-reduction strategies and appropriate management options should be identified to deliver optimal care plans for this group. Although

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Gautier Beckers Department of Surgery, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

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Vincent Massé Department of Surgery, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Clinique Orthopédique Duval, Laval, Quebec, Canada

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Pascal-André Vendittoli Department of Surgery, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Clinique Orthopédique Duval, Laval, Quebec, Canada

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Mina W Morcos Department of Surgery, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
Personalized Arthroplasty Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

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severe cases ( 6 ), and it usually starts at a young age, leading to the advanced arthropathies seen in young adults ( 7 ). This can lead to significant joint pain and deformity, resulting in major limitations and poor quality of life ( 8 ) ( Fig. 1 ). In

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Felix Christoph Finger BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Steffen Schröter Diakonie Klinikum Jung-Stilling GmbH, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegen, Germany
Osteotomie Komitee der Deutschen Knie Gesellschaft (DKG), Munich, Germany

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Christoph Ihle BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Moritz Herbst BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Tina Histing BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Marc-Daniel Ahrend BG Klinik Tübingen, Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Osteotomie Komitee der Deutschen Knie Gesellschaft (DKG), Munich, Germany
AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland

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Introduction Patients expectations on the postoperative outcome after knee osteotomy are high, especially with regard to pain reduction, regaining knee functionality and return to work ( 1 ). The postoperative period contributes essentially to

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