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Bart G. Pijls Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jennifer M. T. A. Meessen Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Keith Tucker Implant Performance Committee, England and Wales National Joint Registry, ODEP, Beyond Compliance and MHRA Expert Advisory Group for MoM Prostheses, London, UK

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Susanna Stea Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

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Liza Steenbergen Dutch Arthroplasty Register (Landelijke Registratie Orthopedische Implantaten, LROI), 's- Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands

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Anne Marie Fenstad The Norwegian Arthroplasty Register, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Keijo Mäkelä Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

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Ioan Cristian Stoica Foisor Orthopaedics Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania

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Maxim Goncharov VJRR, Russian Scientific Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, St Petersburg, Russia

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Søren Overgaard Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Jorge Arias de la Torre Departament de Salut, Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya (AQuAS), Barcelona, Spain
CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED). Universidad de León, León, Spain

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Anne Lübbeke Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Ola Rolfson Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Rob G. H. H. Nelissen Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Introduction Metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings have been used since the early years of total hip replacement (THR). Early historical MoM prostheses from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s include the McKee Farrar hip and the Ring hip prostheses. 1

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Keijo T. Mäkelä Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland, and the Finnish Arthroplasty Register

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Ove Furnes Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, and the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register

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Geir Hallan Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, and the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register

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Anne Marie Fenstad Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, and the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register

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Ola Rolfson Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register

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Johan Kärrholm Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register

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Cecilia Rogmark Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register, Sweden

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Alma Becic Pedersen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark, and the Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register

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Otto Robertsson The Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register, Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopedics, Lund University, Sweden

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Annette W-Dahl The Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register, Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopedics, Lund University, Sweden

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Antti Eskelinen Coxa Hospital for Joint Replacement, Tampere, Finland, and the Finnish Arthroplasty Register

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Henrik M. Schrøder Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, and the Danish Knee Arthroplasty Register

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Ville Äärimaa Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland, and the Finnish Arthroplasty Register

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Jeppe V. Rasmussen Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and the Danish Shoulder Arthroplasty Register

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Björn Salomonsson Department of Orthopedics, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyds Sjukhus AB, Sweden, and the Swedish Shoulder Arthroplasty Register

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Randi Hole Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, and the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register

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Søren Overgaard Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, and the Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register

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those classified according to fixation technique as cemented, uncemented, and hybrids (uncemented cup/cemented stem). Focus on metal-on-metal hip devices Johanson et al (2010) compared 1638 hip resurfacing arthroplasties in Sweden, Norway and

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Ann Alriksson-Schmidt Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Sweden

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Jonas Ranstam Mdas AB, Sweden

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Otto Robertsson Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Sweden

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Lars Lidgren Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Sweden

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Introduction In the wake of the Poly Implant Prosthèse breast implant and the metal-on-metal incidents, the inherent flaws of European regulatory systems for medical products and devices have been highlighted once again. 1 In lieu of the

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Giorgio Perino Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Ivan De Martino Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Lingxin Zhang Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada

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Zhidao Xia Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK

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Jiri Gallo Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic

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Shonali Natu Department of Pathology, University Hospital of North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Stockton-on-Tees, UK

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David Langton Orthopaedic Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Monika Huber Pathologisch-bakteriologisches Institut, Otto Wagner Spital, Wien, Austria

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Anastasia Rakow Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Janosch Schoon Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Enrique Gomez-Barrena Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Veit Krenn MVZ-Zentrum für Histologie, Zytologie und Molekulare Diagnostik-GmbH, Trier, Germany

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lymphocytic-dominated vasculitis associated lesion (ALVAL), 20 later expanded to adverse local tissue reactions (ALTR) 21 and adverse reactions to metal debris (ARMD) 22 associated with metal-on-metal (MoM) hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) and

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Richard N. de Steiger Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry, SAHMRI, Adelaide, Australia
School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia

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Stephen E. Graves School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia

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. Fig. 1 Funnel plot of primary total conventional hip replacement (excluding large-head metal-on-metal, all diagnoses, revision for prosthesis dislocation within 2 years). The Australian Orthopaedic Association has recommended access of a

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Christoph H. Lohmann Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44,39120 Magdeburg, Germany

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Sanjiv Rampal Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44,39120 Magdeburg, Germany

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Martin Lohrengel Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44,39120 Magdeburg, Germany

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Gurpal Singh Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, University Orthopaedics Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228 Singapore

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loosening? According to the recommendations provided by the multidisciplinary consensus statement on the use and monitoring of metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings for THA and hip resurfacing, radiographs should be performed in all patients during follow

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Andrew Carr Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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’ surfaces, there would be a reduction in the risk of dislocation which would be particularly advantageous in younger patients. Unfortunately, this new concept and design was not rigorously tested prior to widespread adoption and use. One particular metal-on-metal

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Anna Bogdanova-Bennett Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom, UK

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Amit Sagi Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom, UK

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Vipin Asopa Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom, UK

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Richard E. Field Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom, UK

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David H. Sochart Academic Surgical Unit, South West London Elective Orthopaedic Centre, Epsom, UK

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reactions; Co, cobalt; COC, ceramic-on-ceramic; COP, ceramic-on-plastic; Cr, chromium; Fe, iron; Mn, manganese; Mo, molybdenum; MOM, metal-on-metal; MOP, metal-on-plastic; Ni, nickel; NR, not recorded; THR, total hip replacement; Ti, titanium; TJR, total

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M M Morlock Institute of Biomechanics, TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany

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E Gomez-Barrena Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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D C Wirtz Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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A Hart London Implant Retrieval Centre, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK

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J P Kretzer Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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( 5 ), wear problems with highly crystalline phase-modified polyethylene ( 6 ) and toxicological surface contamination on porous-coated sockets ( 7 ). Innovative procedures such as hip resurfacing and large metal-on-metal hip joint bearings ( 8 ) ( Fig

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Claus Varnum The Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark

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Alma Bečić Pedersen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Ola Rolfson The Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register
Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Cecilia Rogmark The Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register
Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Malmö, Sweden

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Ove Furnes The Norwegian Arthroplasty Register, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Geir Hallan The Norwegian Arthroplasty Register, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Keijo Mäkelä The Finnish Arthroplasty Register
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

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Richard de Steiger Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR), Adelaide, Australia
Department of Surgery, Epworth HealthCare, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

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Martyn Porter The National Joint Registry of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Isle of Man
Centre for Hip Surgery, Wrightington Hospital, Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Trust, Lancashire, United Kingdom

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Søren Overgaard The Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register
Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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register. For example, owing to Swedish surgeons’ cautious attitude towards undocumented new concepts, Sweden avoided the catastrophes associated with metal-on-metal (MoM) implants. Today, six different stem designs account for > 92% of all femoral

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