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. Figure 1 The representative MRI of the subtypes of TSS. The whole spine MRI of a CLTSS patient shows CSS at C4-7 (A1, arrows) and LSS at L3-4 (A3, arrows); In the MRI of a CTTSS patient, extensive hypertrophy of posterior longitudinal ligament causes
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limited within the canal by the denticulate ligaments. In addition, the ratio of cord diameter to that of the canal leaves little space around the cord and, at some levels, the medullary vascularization is limited. 1 In the majority of world centres
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/instrumentation and neuro-monitorisation supported with improved anaesthetic care, osteotomy techniques have evolved. Spinal osteotomies are generally needed when the deformity is not correctable with the use of instrumentation alone or when facet or ligament
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region and observe the SIJ plate: (1) body of the pelvic bone, (2) auricular surface of the sacrum, (3) sacrum, (4) antero-superior iliac spine, (5) iliac tuberosity, (6) auricular surface of the ilium, (7) anterior sacro-iliac ligament, (8) postero
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biomechanical considerations Anatomy Lumbosacral junction is a relatively ‘stiff’ region due to the presence of the L5/S1 disc, the articular processes of L5 and S1, and the iliolumbar ligaments attached from L4 and L5 transverse processes to the iliac
Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
Universidad Andrés Bello, Hospital del Trabajador, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
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Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Spine Unit, Department of Traumatology, Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
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Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
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the assessment of soft tissues, especially the vertebral disc, the ligaments and the neural structures ( 9 ). However, its role in the diagnostic algorithm of cervical spine facet fractures without evident displacement has not been completely clarified
These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors
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These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors
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-morphogenetic proteins in spinal fusion procedures Cahill, KS 317 26.4 III 15 Cervical laminectomy and dentate ligament section for cervical spondylotic myelopathy Benzel, EC 307 10.2 III 16 Anterior cervical fusion for degenerated or
Centre for Spinal Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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thoracic spinal cord is particularly vulnerable owing to the thoracic kyphosis pushing the cord against the disc, the denticulate ligament reducing the cord mobility, the large thoracic cord diameter in relation to the smaller spinal canal diameter, and the
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intervertebral disk, two posterior facet joints, capsules and the ligaments spanning the two segments. The symbiosis between these structures provides a safe physiological range of motion and, at the same time, a protection for the spinal cord and the nerve roots
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-related degenerative changes but no defect or disruption in the vertebral ring. It classically involves the L4/5 level ( Fig. 1 ), due to the strong iliolumbar ligaments restraining movement of the fifth lumbar vertebra, although less frequently the L5/S1 level may be
