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Dimitrios A. Flevas First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Sophia Syngouna Department of Upper Extremity Surgery and Microsurgery, KAT Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Emmanouel Fandridis Department of Upper Extremity Surgery and Microsurgery, KAT Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Sotirios Tsiodras Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Andreas F. Mavrogenis First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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Introduction Infections of the hand are common entities that are frequently encountered by orthopaedic surgeons and primary care physicians in the emergency room. 1 In 1993, Brown and Young suggested that major metropolitan hospitals

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Marco Guidi Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Florian S. Frueh Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Inga Besmens Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Maurizio Calcagni Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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strength in all patients was 93% of the contralateral hand. This study did not report any infections, non-union or rotational deformities. No cases of complex regional pain syndrome were reported. One patient underwent screw removal because of proximal

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Maurizio Calcagni University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland

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Thomas Giesen University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland

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. We found only two cases from over 350 reported procedures of deep post-operative infection (0.5%). Radiology Osteolysis or radiolucency at the ulna collar was assessed in varying ways. In ten of the 18 series, no useful information could be

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Michael Millrose Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Garmisch-Partenkirchen Medical Center, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany

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Markus Gesslein Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany

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Till Ittermann Institute for Community Medicine, SHIP/Clinical-Epidemiological Research, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Simon Kim Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Hans-Christoph Vonderlind Department of Trauma Surgery, Helios Kliniken Schwerin, Schwerin, Germany

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Mike Ruettermann Department of Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Institute for Hand- and Plastic Surgery, Oldenburg, Germany

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indication in the current literature as to which technique shows the most promising results in terms of union. Typical major complications of PIP joint arthrodesis are non-union and mal-union; minor complications are superficial infections ( 61 ). The aim

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Ilse Degreef Department of Orthopaedic, Hand Unit, Leuven University Hospitals, Gasthuisberg, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium

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Donald H Lalonde Division of Plastic Surgery, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada

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in the risk of surgical site infections ( 6 , 7 , 8 ). Epinephrine eliminated the need for the tourniquet, which was a standard of care for decades in hand surgery ( 9 ). Tourniqueting is a painful technique that caused temporary neuropraxia

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Lorenzo Massimo Oldrini Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Pietro Feltri Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Jacopo Albanese Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland

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Stefano Lucchina Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Surgical Department - Hand Surgery Unit EOC, Locarno's Regional Hospital, Locarno, Switzerland
Locarno Hand Center, Locarno, Switzerland

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Giuseppe Filardo Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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Christian Candrian Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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economic, on the opposite, ORIF is thought to offer good fracture alignment, faster clinical improvement, and early return to routine activities but at the price of surgical risks such as infection, cut-out, and higher costs ( 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ). Up to

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Massimo Ceruso Hand Surgery Unit, Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico, Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy

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Sandra Pfanner Hand Surgery Unit, Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico, Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy

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Christian Carulli Orthopaedic Clinic, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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(n) Additional surgery Revision arthroplasty (total failures) Meier (2007) 6 24 implants 3 arthrodesis 1 infection 2 dislocations Asymptomatic squeaking (87%) Sweets (2011) 8 31 implants 1 excision of exostosis

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Marianne Arner Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Hand surgery Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden

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-operative complication, after consulting with the surgeon. Examples of complications that can be registered are: post-operative infections, tendon ruptures, arthroplasty complications, and nerve injuries. Definitions of complications have been discussed within the

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Elena Bravo Plastic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Raul Barco Upper Limb Unit, Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán Haemophilia Orthopedic Unit, Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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repeated and continued bleeding pseudotumours may increase in size and create bone erosion that leads to fractures and infections. Additionally, when a haemophilic pseudotumour is left untreated, it may induce compression and pressure necrosis of the

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Toni Luokkala Department of Orthopaedics, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland

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Minna K. Laitinen Department of Orthopaedics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Teemu P. Hevonkorpi Department of Orthopaedics, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

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Lauri Raittio Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

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Ville M. Mattila Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland

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Antti P. Launonen Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland

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reported are tendon problems, carpal tunnel syndrome, malunion, nonunion, infection related to surgery, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and post-traumatic arthritis. 87 The severe adverse events (SAE) reported in the reviewed studies are

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